Photodynamic Therapy in Orthodontics: A Literature Review

Treatment of malocclusions using fixed orthodontic appliances makes it difficult for patients to perform hygiene procedures. Insufficient removal of bacterial biofilm can cause enamel demineralization, manifesting by visible white spot lesions or periodontal diseases, such as gingivitis periodontiti...

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Main Authors: Marcin Olek, Agnieszka Machorowska-Pieniążek, Wojciech Stós, Janusz Kalukin, Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher, David Aebisher, Grzegorz Cieślar, Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2021-05-01
Series:Pharmaceutics
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/13/5/720
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author Marcin Olek
Agnieszka Machorowska-Pieniążek
Wojciech Stós
Janusz Kalukin
Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
David Aebisher
Grzegorz Cieślar
Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
author_facet Marcin Olek
Agnieszka Machorowska-Pieniążek
Wojciech Stós
Janusz Kalukin
Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
David Aebisher
Grzegorz Cieślar
Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
author_sort Marcin Olek
collection DOAJ
description Treatment of malocclusions using fixed orthodontic appliances makes it difficult for patients to perform hygiene procedures. Insufficient removal of bacterial biofilm can cause enamel demineralization, manifesting by visible white spot lesions or periodontal diseases, such as gingivitis periodontitis or gingival hyperplasia. The classic methods of preventing the above problems include, in addition to proper hygiene, ultrasonic scaling, periodontal debridement, and oral rinses based on chlorhexidine. New alternative methods of reducing plaque around brackets are being developed. There is a growing interest among researchers in the possibility of using photodynamic therapy in orthodontics. A literature search for articles corresponding to the topic of this review was performed using the PubMed and Scopus databases and the following keywords: ‘photodynamic therapy’, ‘orthodontics’, and ‘photosensitizer(s)’. Based on the literature review, two main directions of research can be distinguished: clinical research on the use of photodynamic therapy in the prevention of white spot lesions and periodontal diseases, and ex vivo research using a modified orthodontic adhesive by adding photosensitizers to them. Methylene blue is the most frequently used photosensitizer in clinical trials. The effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy is mainly compared to the ultrasonic scaler as a single therapy or as an adjunct to the ultrasonic scaler. In their conclusions, the researchers most often emphasize the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in reducing microbial levels in patients treated with fixed appliances and the possibility of using it as an alternative to routine procedures aimed at maintaining a healthy periodontium. The authors suggest further research on the use of photodynamic therapy to prove the validity of this method in orthodontics. It should also not be forgotten that proper hygiene is the basis for maintaining oral cavity health, and its neglect is a contraindication to orthodontic treatment.
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spelling doaj.art-e6457eb952534f1eb819d1876abf04cd2023-11-21T19:40:51ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232021-05-0113572010.3390/pharmaceutics13050720Photodynamic Therapy in Orthodontics: A Literature ReviewMarcin Olek0Agnieszka Machorowska-Pieniążek1Wojciech Stós2Janusz Kalukin3Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher4David Aebisher5Grzegorz Cieślar6Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka7Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, PolandDepartment of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, PolandDepartment of Orthodontics, Dental Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-155 Cracow, PolandDepartment of Orthodontics, Dental Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-155 Cracow, PolandDepartment of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszów, Kopisto 2A, 35-310 Rzeszów, PolandDepartment of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszów, Kopisto 2A, 35-310 Rzeszów, PolandDepartment of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, PolandDepartment of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, PolandTreatment of malocclusions using fixed orthodontic appliances makes it difficult for patients to perform hygiene procedures. Insufficient removal of bacterial biofilm can cause enamel demineralization, manifesting by visible white spot lesions or periodontal diseases, such as gingivitis periodontitis or gingival hyperplasia. The classic methods of preventing the above problems include, in addition to proper hygiene, ultrasonic scaling, periodontal debridement, and oral rinses based on chlorhexidine. New alternative methods of reducing plaque around brackets are being developed. There is a growing interest among researchers in the possibility of using photodynamic therapy in orthodontics. A literature search for articles corresponding to the topic of this review was performed using the PubMed and Scopus databases and the following keywords: ‘photodynamic therapy’, ‘orthodontics’, and ‘photosensitizer(s)’. Based on the literature review, two main directions of research can be distinguished: clinical research on the use of photodynamic therapy in the prevention of white spot lesions and periodontal diseases, and ex vivo research using a modified orthodontic adhesive by adding photosensitizers to them. Methylene blue is the most frequently used photosensitizer in clinical trials. The effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy is mainly compared to the ultrasonic scaler as a single therapy or as an adjunct to the ultrasonic scaler. In their conclusions, the researchers most often emphasize the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in reducing microbial levels in patients treated with fixed appliances and the possibility of using it as an alternative to routine procedures aimed at maintaining a healthy periodontium. The authors suggest further research on the use of photodynamic therapy to prove the validity of this method in orthodontics. It should also not be forgotten that proper hygiene is the basis for maintaining oral cavity health, and its neglect is a contraindication to orthodontic treatment.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/13/5/720photodynamic therapyorthodonticsphotosensitizer(s)
spellingShingle Marcin Olek
Agnieszka Machorowska-Pieniążek
Wojciech Stós
Janusz Kalukin
Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
David Aebisher
Grzegorz Cieślar
Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
Photodynamic Therapy in Orthodontics: A Literature Review
Pharmaceutics
photodynamic therapy
orthodontics
photosensitizer(s)
title Photodynamic Therapy in Orthodontics: A Literature Review
title_full Photodynamic Therapy in Orthodontics: A Literature Review
title_fullStr Photodynamic Therapy in Orthodontics: A Literature Review
title_full_unstemmed Photodynamic Therapy in Orthodontics: A Literature Review
title_short Photodynamic Therapy in Orthodontics: A Literature Review
title_sort photodynamic therapy in orthodontics a literature review
topic photodynamic therapy
orthodontics
photosensitizer(s)
url https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/13/5/720
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AT agnieszkamachorowskapieniazek photodynamictherapyinorthodonticsaliteraturereview
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AT januszkalukin photodynamictherapyinorthodonticsaliteraturereview
AT dorotabartusikaebisher photodynamictherapyinorthodonticsaliteraturereview
AT davidaebisher photodynamictherapyinorthodonticsaliteraturereview
AT grzegorzcieslar photodynamictherapyinorthodonticsaliteraturereview
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