Geographical distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei in soil in Myanmar.
<h4>Background</h4>Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative bacterium found in soil and water in many tropical countries. It causes melioidosis, a potentially fatal infection first described in 1911 in Myanmar. Melioidosis is a common cause of sepsis and death in South and South-east...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2021-05-01
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| Series: | PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009372 |
| _version_ | 1818966795038490624 |
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| author | Myo Maung Maung Swe Mo Mo Win Joshua Cohen Aung Pyae Phyo Htet Naing Lin Kyaw Soe Premjit Amorncha Thin Thin Wah Kyi Kyi Nyein Win Clare Ling Daniel M Parker David A B Dance Elizabeth A Ashley Frank Smithuis |
| author_facet | Myo Maung Maung Swe Mo Mo Win Joshua Cohen Aung Pyae Phyo Htet Naing Lin Kyaw Soe Premjit Amorncha Thin Thin Wah Kyi Kyi Nyein Win Clare Ling Daniel M Parker David A B Dance Elizabeth A Ashley Frank Smithuis |
| author_sort | Myo Maung Maung Swe |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <h4>Background</h4>Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative bacterium found in soil and water in many tropical countries. It causes melioidosis, a potentially fatal infection first described in 1911 in Myanmar. Melioidosis is a common cause of sepsis and death in South and South-east Asia, but it is rarely diagnosed in Myanmar. We conducted a nationwide soil study to identify areas where B. pseudomallei is present.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>We collected soil samples from 387 locations in all 15 states and regions of Myanmar between September 2017 and June 2019. At each site, three samples were taken at each of three different depths (30, 60 and 90 cm) and were cultured for B. pseudomallei separately, along with a pooled sample from each site (i.e. 10 cultures per site). We used a negative binomial regression model to assess associations between isolation of B. pseudomallei and environmental factors (season, soil depth, soil type, land use and climate zones). B. pseudomallei was isolated in 7 of 15 states and regions. Of the 387 sites, 31 (8%) had one or more positive samples and of the 3,870 samples cultured, 103 (2.7%) tested positive for B. pseudomallei. B. pseudomallei was isolated more frequently during the monsoon season [RR-2.28 (95% CI: 0.70-7.38)] and less in the hot dry season [RR-0.70 (95% CI: 0.19-2.56)] compared to the cool dry season, and in the tropical monsoon climate zone [RR-2.26; 95% CI (0.21-6.21)] compared to the tropical dry winter climate zone. However, these associations were not statistically significant. B. pseudomallei was detected at all three depths and from various soil types (clay, silt and sand). Isolation was higher in agricultural land (2.2%), pasture land (8.5%) and disused land (5.8%) than in residential land (0.4%), but these differences were also not significant.<h4>Conclusion/significance</h4>This study confirms a widespread distribution of B. pseudomallei in Myanmar. Clinical studies should follow to obtain a better picture of the burden of melioidosis in Myanmar. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-20T13:38:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e6478cd5a304487abd3f82aee778e483 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1935-2727 1935-2735 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-20T13:38:34Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
| spelling | doaj.art-e6478cd5a304487abd3f82aee778e4832022-12-21T19:38:52ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases1935-27271935-27352021-05-01155e000937210.1371/journal.pntd.0009372Geographical distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei in soil in Myanmar.Myo Maung Maung SweMo Mo WinJoshua CohenAung Pyae PhyoHtet Naing LinKyaw SoePremjit AmornchaThin Thin WahKyi Kyi Nyein WinClare LingDaniel M ParkerDavid A B DanceElizabeth A AshleyFrank Smithuis<h4>Background</h4>Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative bacterium found in soil and water in many tropical countries. It causes melioidosis, a potentially fatal infection first described in 1911 in Myanmar. Melioidosis is a common cause of sepsis and death in South and South-east Asia, but it is rarely diagnosed in Myanmar. We conducted a nationwide soil study to identify areas where B. pseudomallei is present.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>We collected soil samples from 387 locations in all 15 states and regions of Myanmar between September 2017 and June 2019. At each site, three samples were taken at each of three different depths (30, 60 and 90 cm) and were cultured for B. pseudomallei separately, along with a pooled sample from each site (i.e. 10 cultures per site). We used a negative binomial regression model to assess associations between isolation of B. pseudomallei and environmental factors (season, soil depth, soil type, land use and climate zones). B. pseudomallei was isolated in 7 of 15 states and regions. Of the 387 sites, 31 (8%) had one or more positive samples and of the 3,870 samples cultured, 103 (2.7%) tested positive for B. pseudomallei. B. pseudomallei was isolated more frequently during the monsoon season [RR-2.28 (95% CI: 0.70-7.38)] and less in the hot dry season [RR-0.70 (95% CI: 0.19-2.56)] compared to the cool dry season, and in the tropical monsoon climate zone [RR-2.26; 95% CI (0.21-6.21)] compared to the tropical dry winter climate zone. However, these associations were not statistically significant. B. pseudomallei was detected at all three depths and from various soil types (clay, silt and sand). Isolation was higher in agricultural land (2.2%), pasture land (8.5%) and disused land (5.8%) than in residential land (0.4%), but these differences were also not significant.<h4>Conclusion/significance</h4>This study confirms a widespread distribution of B. pseudomallei in Myanmar. Clinical studies should follow to obtain a better picture of the burden of melioidosis in Myanmar.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009372 |
| spellingShingle | Myo Maung Maung Swe Mo Mo Win Joshua Cohen Aung Pyae Phyo Htet Naing Lin Kyaw Soe Premjit Amorncha Thin Thin Wah Kyi Kyi Nyein Win Clare Ling Daniel M Parker David A B Dance Elizabeth A Ashley Frank Smithuis Geographical distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei in soil in Myanmar. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
| title | Geographical distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei in soil in Myanmar. |
| title_full | Geographical distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei in soil in Myanmar. |
| title_fullStr | Geographical distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei in soil in Myanmar. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Geographical distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei in soil in Myanmar. |
| title_short | Geographical distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei in soil in Myanmar. |
| title_sort | geographical distribution of burkholderia pseudomallei in soil in myanmar |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009372 |
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