Evaluation of Environmental Factor Effects on the Polyphenol and Flavonoid Content in the Leaves of <i>Chrysanthemum indicum</i> L. and Its Habitat Suitability Prediction Mapping
The leaves of <i>Chrysanthemum indicum</i> L. are known to have various bioactive compounds; however, industrial use is extremely limited. To overcome this situation by producing high-quality leaves with high bioactive content, this study examined the environmental factors affecting the...
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MDPI AG
2024-02-01
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| author | Rei Uranishi Raju Aedla Doaa H. M. Alsaadi Dongxing Wang Ken Kusakari Hirotaka Osaki Koji Sugimura Takashi Watanabe |
| author_facet | Rei Uranishi Raju Aedla Doaa H. M. Alsaadi Dongxing Wang Ken Kusakari Hirotaka Osaki Koji Sugimura Takashi Watanabe |
| author_sort | Rei Uranishi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The leaves of <i>Chrysanthemum indicum</i> L. are known to have various bioactive compounds; however, industrial use is extremely limited. To overcome this situation by producing high-quality leaves with high bioactive content, this study examined the environmental factors affecting the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity using <i>C. indicum</i> leaves collected from 22 sites in Kochi Prefecture, Japan. Total phenolic and flavonoid content in the dry leaves ranged between 15.0 and 64.1 (mg gallic acid g<sup>−1</sup>) and 2.3 and 11.4 (mg quercetin g<sup>−1</sup>), while the antioxidant activity (EC<sub>50</sub>) of the 50% ethanol extracts ranged between 28.0 and 123.2 (µg mL<sup>−1</sup>) in 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay. Among the identified compounds, chlorogenic acid and 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid were the main constituents in <i>C. indicum</i> leaves. The antioxidant activity demonstrated a positive correlation with 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.62) and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.77). The content of chlorogenic acid and dicaffeoylquinic acid isomers varied significantly according to the effects of exchangeable magnesium, cation exchange capacity, annual temperature, and precipitation, based on analysis of variance. The habitat suitability map using the geographical information system and the MaxEnt model predicted very high and high regions, comprising 3.2% and 10.1% of the total area, respectively. These findings could be used in future cultivation to produce high-quality leaves of <i>C. indicum</i>. |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-e6667aefa46b42a795330aaf47b27be52024-03-12T16:50:24ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492024-02-0129592710.3390/molecules29050927Evaluation of Environmental Factor Effects on the Polyphenol and Flavonoid Content in the Leaves of <i>Chrysanthemum indicum</i> L. and Its Habitat Suitability Prediction MappingRei Uranishi0Raju Aedla1Doaa H. M. Alsaadi2Dongxing Wang3Ken Kusakari4Hirotaka Osaki5Koji Sugimura6Takashi Watanabe7Department of Medicinal Plant, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, No. 5-1, Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, JapanBVRIT HYDERABAD College of Engineering for Women, Nizampet Rd, Hyderabad 500090, Telangana, IndiaDepartment of Medicinal Plant, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, No. 5-1, Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, JapanDepartment of Medicinal Plant, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, No. 5-1, Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, JapanDepartment of Medicinal Plant, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, No. 5-1, Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, JapanDepartment of Medicinal Plant, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, No. 5-1, Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, JapanDepartment of Medicinal Plant, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, No. 5-1, Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, JapanDepartment of Medicinal Plant, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, No. 5-1, Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, JapanThe leaves of <i>Chrysanthemum indicum</i> L. are known to have various bioactive compounds; however, industrial use is extremely limited. To overcome this situation by producing high-quality leaves with high bioactive content, this study examined the environmental factors affecting the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity using <i>C. indicum</i> leaves collected from 22 sites in Kochi Prefecture, Japan. Total phenolic and flavonoid content in the dry leaves ranged between 15.0 and 64.1 (mg gallic acid g<sup>−1</sup>) and 2.3 and 11.4 (mg quercetin g<sup>−1</sup>), while the antioxidant activity (EC<sub>50</sub>) of the 50% ethanol extracts ranged between 28.0 and 123.2 (µg mL<sup>−1</sup>) in 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay. Among the identified compounds, chlorogenic acid and 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid were the main constituents in <i>C. indicum</i> leaves. The antioxidant activity demonstrated a positive correlation with 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.62) and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.77). The content of chlorogenic acid and dicaffeoylquinic acid isomers varied significantly according to the effects of exchangeable magnesium, cation exchange capacity, annual temperature, and precipitation, based on analysis of variance. The habitat suitability map using the geographical information system and the MaxEnt model predicted very high and high regions, comprising 3.2% and 10.1% of the total area, respectively. These findings could be used in future cultivation to produce high-quality leaves of <i>C. indicum</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/5/927<i>Chrysanthemum indicum</i>antioxidantchlorogenic acid1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acidgeographic information system |
| spellingShingle | Rei Uranishi Raju Aedla Doaa H. M. Alsaadi Dongxing Wang Ken Kusakari Hirotaka Osaki Koji Sugimura Takashi Watanabe Evaluation of Environmental Factor Effects on the Polyphenol and Flavonoid Content in the Leaves of <i>Chrysanthemum indicum</i> L. and Its Habitat Suitability Prediction Mapping Molecules <i>Chrysanthemum indicum</i> antioxidant chlorogenic acid 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid geographic information system |
| title | Evaluation of Environmental Factor Effects on the Polyphenol and Flavonoid Content in the Leaves of <i>Chrysanthemum indicum</i> L. and Its Habitat Suitability Prediction Mapping |
| title_full | Evaluation of Environmental Factor Effects on the Polyphenol and Flavonoid Content in the Leaves of <i>Chrysanthemum indicum</i> L. and Its Habitat Suitability Prediction Mapping |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of Environmental Factor Effects on the Polyphenol and Flavonoid Content in the Leaves of <i>Chrysanthemum indicum</i> L. and Its Habitat Suitability Prediction Mapping |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of Environmental Factor Effects on the Polyphenol and Flavonoid Content in the Leaves of <i>Chrysanthemum indicum</i> L. and Its Habitat Suitability Prediction Mapping |
| title_short | Evaluation of Environmental Factor Effects on the Polyphenol and Flavonoid Content in the Leaves of <i>Chrysanthemum indicum</i> L. and Its Habitat Suitability Prediction Mapping |
| title_sort | evaluation of environmental factor effects on the polyphenol and flavonoid content in the leaves of i chrysanthemum indicum i l and its habitat suitability prediction mapping |
| topic | <i>Chrysanthemum indicum</i> antioxidant chlorogenic acid 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid geographic information system |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/5/927 |
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