Mastocytosis and Mast Cell Activation Disorders: Clearing the Air
Mast cells are derived from hematopoietic stem cell precursors and are essential to the genesis and manifestations of the allergic response. Activation of these cells by allergens leads to degranulation and elaboration of inflammatory mediators, responsible for regulating the acute dramatic inflamma...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/20/11270 |
| _version_ | 1797514314184130560 |
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| author | Clayton Webster Jackson Cristina Marie Pratt Chase Preston Rupprecht Debendra Pattanaik Guha Krishnaswamy |
| author_facet | Clayton Webster Jackson Cristina Marie Pratt Chase Preston Rupprecht Debendra Pattanaik Guha Krishnaswamy |
| author_sort | Clayton Webster Jackson |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Mast cells are derived from hematopoietic stem cell precursors and are essential to the genesis and manifestations of the allergic response. Activation of these cells by allergens leads to degranulation and elaboration of inflammatory mediators, responsible for regulating the acute dramatic inflammatory response seen. Mast cells have also been incriminated in such diverse disorders as malignancy, arthritis, coronary artery disease, and osteoporosis. There has been a recent explosion in our understanding of the mast cell and the associated clinical conditions that affect this cell type. Some mast cell disorders are associated with specific genetic mutations (such as the D816V gain-of-function mutation) with resultant clonal disease. Such disorders include cutaneous mastocytosis, systemic mastocytosis (SM), its variants (indolent/ISM, smoldering/SSM, aggressive systemic mastocytosis/ASM) and clonal (or monoclonal) mast cell activation disorders or syndromes (CMCAS/MMAS). Besides clonal mast cell activations disorders/CMCAS (also referred to as monoclonal mast cell activation syndromes/MMAS), mast cell activation can also occur secondary to allergic, inflammatory, or paraneoplastic disease. Some disorders are idiopathic as their molecular pathogenesis and evolution are unclear. A genetic disorder, referred to as hereditary alpha-tryptasemia (H<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">α</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>T) has also been described recently. This condition has been shown to be associated with increased severity of allergic and anaphylactic reactions and may interact variably with primary and secondary mast cell disease, resulting in complex combined disorders. The role of this review is to clarify the classification of mast cell disorders, point to molecular aspects of mast cell signaling, elucidate underlying genetic defects, and provide approaches to targeted therapies that may benefit such patients. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:30:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e68511b45fd240228a17ece275939760 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:30:16Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-e68511b45fd240228a17ece2759397602023-11-22T18:36:50ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-10-0122201127010.3390/ijms222011270Mastocytosis and Mast Cell Activation Disorders: Clearing the AirClayton Webster Jackson0Cristina Marie Pratt1Chase Preston Rupprecht2Debendra Pattanaik3Guha Krishnaswamy4Department of Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USADepartment of Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USAThe Department of Medicine, Rowan School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084, USAThe Division of Allergy and Immunology, UT Memphis College of Medicine, Memphis, TN 38103, USADepartment of Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USAMast cells are derived from hematopoietic stem cell precursors and are essential to the genesis and manifestations of the allergic response. Activation of these cells by allergens leads to degranulation and elaboration of inflammatory mediators, responsible for regulating the acute dramatic inflammatory response seen. Mast cells have also been incriminated in such diverse disorders as malignancy, arthritis, coronary artery disease, and osteoporosis. There has been a recent explosion in our understanding of the mast cell and the associated clinical conditions that affect this cell type. Some mast cell disorders are associated with specific genetic mutations (such as the D816V gain-of-function mutation) with resultant clonal disease. Such disorders include cutaneous mastocytosis, systemic mastocytosis (SM), its variants (indolent/ISM, smoldering/SSM, aggressive systemic mastocytosis/ASM) and clonal (or monoclonal) mast cell activation disorders or syndromes (CMCAS/MMAS). Besides clonal mast cell activations disorders/CMCAS (also referred to as monoclonal mast cell activation syndromes/MMAS), mast cell activation can also occur secondary to allergic, inflammatory, or paraneoplastic disease. Some disorders are idiopathic as their molecular pathogenesis and evolution are unclear. A genetic disorder, referred to as hereditary alpha-tryptasemia (H<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">α</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>T) has also been described recently. This condition has been shown to be associated with increased severity of allergic and anaphylactic reactions and may interact variably with primary and secondary mast cell disease, resulting in complex combined disorders. The role of this review is to clarify the classification of mast cell disorders, point to molecular aspects of mast cell signaling, elucidate underlying genetic defects, and provide approaches to targeted therapies that may benefit such patients.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/20/11270anaphylactic shockhypotensionallergic reactionangioedemamastocytosismast cell |
| spellingShingle | Clayton Webster Jackson Cristina Marie Pratt Chase Preston Rupprecht Debendra Pattanaik Guha Krishnaswamy Mastocytosis and Mast Cell Activation Disorders: Clearing the Air International Journal of Molecular Sciences anaphylactic shock hypotension allergic reaction angioedema mastocytosis mast cell |
| title | Mastocytosis and Mast Cell Activation Disorders: Clearing the Air |
| title_full | Mastocytosis and Mast Cell Activation Disorders: Clearing the Air |
| title_fullStr | Mastocytosis and Mast Cell Activation Disorders: Clearing the Air |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mastocytosis and Mast Cell Activation Disorders: Clearing the Air |
| title_short | Mastocytosis and Mast Cell Activation Disorders: Clearing the Air |
| title_sort | mastocytosis and mast cell activation disorders clearing the air |
| topic | anaphylactic shock hypotension allergic reaction angioedema mastocytosis mast cell |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/20/11270 |
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