A Stereological Study of the Three Types of Ganglia of Male, Female, and Undifferentiated <i>Scrobicularia plana</i> (Bivalvia)
Neurotransmitters modulate gonadal maturation in bivalves. However, it remains unclear whether there are differences in the nervous system structure between sexes, maturation, and ganglia. Therefore, a stereological study was conducted on the ganglia of adult peppery furrow shell (<i>Scrobicul...
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| author | Sukanlaya Tantiwisawaruji Maria J. Rocha Ana Silva Miguel A. Pardal Uthaiwan Kovitvadhi Eduardo Rocha |
| author_facet | Sukanlaya Tantiwisawaruji Maria J. Rocha Ana Silva Miguel A. Pardal Uthaiwan Kovitvadhi Eduardo Rocha |
| author_sort | Sukanlaya Tantiwisawaruji |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Neurotransmitters modulate gonadal maturation in bivalves. However, it remains unclear whether there are differences in the nervous system structure between sexes, maturation, and ganglia. Therefore, a stereological study was conducted on the ganglia of adult peppery furrow shell (<i>Scrobicularia plana</i>). Equal-sized males, females, and undifferentiated (gamete absence) animals were fixed with 10% formalin and processed for light microscopy. They were serially cut into 35 µm paraffin thick sections and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Sections with cerebral (cerebropleural), pedal, and visceral ganglia were studied. The parameters estimated were the volumes of the ganglia, the total and relative volumes of their cortex (outer layer) and medulla (neuropil), and the total number of cells (neurons, glia, and pigmented) per ganglia and compartment. The volumes and numbers were estimated, respectively, by the Cavalieri principle and by the optical fractionator. Females show a larger glia to neuron numerical ratio. Further, females have a greater ganglionic volume than undifferentiated adults, with males showing intermediate values. These facts indicate that the ganglia size is related somehow to maturation. The cell size forms the basis of the differences because total cellularity is equal among the groups. The three ganglion types differ in total volumes and the volume ratio of the cortex versus the medulla. The greater volumes of the pedal ganglia (vis-a-vis the cerebral ones) and of the visceral ganglia (in relation to all others) imply more voluminous cortexes and medullae, but more neuronal and non-neuronal cells only in the visceral. The new fundamental data can help interpret bivalve neurophysiology. |
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| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
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| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj.art-e68fe7a044144d13b99eb58ac05a28502023-11-23T12:37:44ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152022-08-011217224810.3390/ani12172248A Stereological Study of the Three Types of Ganglia of Male, Female, and Undifferentiated <i>Scrobicularia plana</i> (Bivalvia)Sukanlaya Tantiwisawaruji0Maria J. Rocha1Ana Silva2Miguel A. Pardal3Uthaiwan Kovitvadhi4Eduardo Rocha5Learning Institute, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, ThailandLaboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (U.Porto), 4050-313 Porto, PortugalLaboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (U.Porto), 4050-313 Porto, PortugalCentre for Functional Ecology (CFE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, PortugalDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University (KU), Bangkok 10900, ThailandLearning Institute, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, ThailandNeurotransmitters modulate gonadal maturation in bivalves. However, it remains unclear whether there are differences in the nervous system structure between sexes, maturation, and ganglia. Therefore, a stereological study was conducted on the ganglia of adult peppery furrow shell (<i>Scrobicularia plana</i>). Equal-sized males, females, and undifferentiated (gamete absence) animals were fixed with 10% formalin and processed for light microscopy. They were serially cut into 35 µm paraffin thick sections and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Sections with cerebral (cerebropleural), pedal, and visceral ganglia were studied. The parameters estimated were the volumes of the ganglia, the total and relative volumes of their cortex (outer layer) and medulla (neuropil), and the total number of cells (neurons, glia, and pigmented) per ganglia and compartment. The volumes and numbers were estimated, respectively, by the Cavalieri principle and by the optical fractionator. Females show a larger glia to neuron numerical ratio. Further, females have a greater ganglionic volume than undifferentiated adults, with males showing intermediate values. These facts indicate that the ganglia size is related somehow to maturation. The cell size forms the basis of the differences because total cellularity is equal among the groups. The three ganglion types differ in total volumes and the volume ratio of the cortex versus the medulla. The greater volumes of the pedal ganglia (vis-a-vis the cerebral ones) and of the visceral ganglia (in relation to all others) imply more voluminous cortexes and medullae, but more neuronal and non-neuronal cells only in the visceral. The new fundamental data can help interpret bivalve neurophysiology.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/17/2248bivalvescell numbersglia cellsganglianeuronssex differences |
| spellingShingle | Sukanlaya Tantiwisawaruji Maria J. Rocha Ana Silva Miguel A. Pardal Uthaiwan Kovitvadhi Eduardo Rocha A Stereological Study of the Three Types of Ganglia of Male, Female, and Undifferentiated <i>Scrobicularia plana</i> (Bivalvia) Animals bivalves cell numbers glia cells ganglia neurons sex differences |
| title | A Stereological Study of the Three Types of Ganglia of Male, Female, and Undifferentiated <i>Scrobicularia plana</i> (Bivalvia) |
| title_full | A Stereological Study of the Three Types of Ganglia of Male, Female, and Undifferentiated <i>Scrobicularia plana</i> (Bivalvia) |
| title_fullStr | A Stereological Study of the Three Types of Ganglia of Male, Female, and Undifferentiated <i>Scrobicularia plana</i> (Bivalvia) |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Stereological Study of the Three Types of Ganglia of Male, Female, and Undifferentiated <i>Scrobicularia plana</i> (Bivalvia) |
| title_short | A Stereological Study of the Three Types of Ganglia of Male, Female, and Undifferentiated <i>Scrobicularia plana</i> (Bivalvia) |
| title_sort | stereological study of the three types of ganglia of male female and undifferentiated i scrobicularia plana i bivalvia |
| topic | bivalves cell numbers glia cells ganglia neurons sex differences |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/17/2248 |
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