A Comparative Analysis of the Tribological Behavior of Hard Layers Obtained by Three Different Hardened-Surface Processes on the Surface of AISI 4140 Steel
This work compares the tribological behavior of surface layers obtained by three different hardening processes. The layers were formed on the surface of AISI 4140 steel by applying three different thermochemical treatments. Wear resistance was evaluated using a standardized tribological machine for...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Series: | Crystals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/12/2/298 |
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| author | Pablo Alfredo Ruiz-Trabolsi Alexis Chino-Ulloa José Guadalupe Miranda-Hernández Raúl Tadeo-Rosas Rafael Carrera-Espinoza Julio César Velázquez Enrique Hernández-Sánchez |
| author_facet | Pablo Alfredo Ruiz-Trabolsi Alexis Chino-Ulloa José Guadalupe Miranda-Hernández Raúl Tadeo-Rosas Rafael Carrera-Espinoza Julio César Velázquez Enrique Hernández-Sánchez |
| author_sort | Pablo Alfredo Ruiz-Trabolsi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This work compares the tribological behavior of surface layers obtained by three different hardening processes. The layers were formed on the surface of AISI 4140 steel by applying three different thermochemical treatments. Wear resistance was evaluated using a standardized tribological machine for abrasive wear, according to the limits established by the ASTM G65 “Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus”. According to the results, the boride layers exhibited the highest wear resistance, as compared to nitrided and carburized layers. In contrast, the carburized layers presented the highest loss of volume. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the worn surfaces to examine the wear mechanisms. Abrasive wear was identified in all the samples, as the main abrasive wear mechanism. The mean values of the coefficient of friction (CoF) of the hardened surfaces were 0.39, 0.55, and 0.65 for carburizing, nitriding, and boriding samples, respectively, indicating that the wear process may not always be related to a low CoF. The results suggest that the highest hardness is normally associated with high wear resistance, but the coefficient of friction could be not directly related to the hardness of the materials. Finally, a statistical study demonstrates the random nature of the layers obtained by three different hardening processes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:14:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e698b0c7e07646ffa64a58610cbaec9a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4352 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:14:46Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Crystals |
| spelling | doaj.art-e698b0c7e07646ffa64a58610cbaec9a2023-11-23T19:26:16ZengMDPI AGCrystals2073-43522022-02-0112229810.3390/cryst12020298A Comparative Analysis of the Tribological Behavior of Hard Layers Obtained by Three Different Hardened-Surface Processes on the Surface of AISI 4140 SteelPablo Alfredo Ruiz-Trabolsi0Alexis Chino-Ulloa1José Guadalupe Miranda-Hernández2Raúl Tadeo-Rosas3Rafael Carrera-Espinoza4Julio César Velázquez5Enrique Hernández-Sánchez6Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Departamento de Bioingeniería, Avenida Acueducto s/n Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, México City 07340, MexicoInstituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Departamento de Bioingeniería, Avenida Acueducto s/n Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, México City 07340, MexicoCentro Universitario UAEM Valle de México, Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Materiales Industriales, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Atizapán de Zaragoza 54500, MexicoFacultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Unidad Torreón, Carretera Torreón-Matamoros, km 7.5, Ciudad Universitaria, Ejido el Águila, Torreón Coahuila 27276, MexicoDepartamento de Ingeniería Industrial y Mecánica, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, Ex hacienda Santa Catarina Mártir, San Andrés Cholula Puebla 72810, MexicoInstituto Politécnico Nacional, ESIQIE, Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial, UPALM Edificio 7, Zacatenco, México City 07738, MexicoInstituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Departamento de Bioingeniería, Avenida Acueducto s/n Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, México City 07340, MexicoThis work compares the tribological behavior of surface layers obtained by three different hardening processes. The layers were formed on the surface of AISI 4140 steel by applying three different thermochemical treatments. Wear resistance was evaluated using a standardized tribological machine for abrasive wear, according to the limits established by the ASTM G65 “Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus”. According to the results, the boride layers exhibited the highest wear resistance, as compared to nitrided and carburized layers. In contrast, the carburized layers presented the highest loss of volume. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the worn surfaces to examine the wear mechanisms. Abrasive wear was identified in all the samples, as the main abrasive wear mechanism. The mean values of the coefficient of friction (CoF) of the hardened surfaces were 0.39, 0.55, and 0.65 for carburizing, nitriding, and boriding samples, respectively, indicating that the wear process may not always be related to a low CoF. The results suggest that the highest hardness is normally associated with high wear resistance, but the coefficient of friction could be not directly related to the hardness of the materials. Finally, a statistical study demonstrates the random nature of the layers obtained by three different hardening processes.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/12/2/298abrasive weardiffusion processeshard layersboridingnitridingcarburizing |
| spellingShingle | Pablo Alfredo Ruiz-Trabolsi Alexis Chino-Ulloa José Guadalupe Miranda-Hernández Raúl Tadeo-Rosas Rafael Carrera-Espinoza Julio César Velázquez Enrique Hernández-Sánchez A Comparative Analysis of the Tribological Behavior of Hard Layers Obtained by Three Different Hardened-Surface Processes on the Surface of AISI 4140 Steel Crystals abrasive wear diffusion processes hard layers boriding nitriding carburizing |
| title | A Comparative Analysis of the Tribological Behavior of Hard Layers Obtained by Three Different Hardened-Surface Processes on the Surface of AISI 4140 Steel |
| title_full | A Comparative Analysis of the Tribological Behavior of Hard Layers Obtained by Three Different Hardened-Surface Processes on the Surface of AISI 4140 Steel |
| title_fullStr | A Comparative Analysis of the Tribological Behavior of Hard Layers Obtained by Three Different Hardened-Surface Processes on the Surface of AISI 4140 Steel |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Comparative Analysis of the Tribological Behavior of Hard Layers Obtained by Three Different Hardened-Surface Processes on the Surface of AISI 4140 Steel |
| title_short | A Comparative Analysis of the Tribological Behavior of Hard Layers Obtained by Three Different Hardened-Surface Processes on the Surface of AISI 4140 Steel |
| title_sort | comparative analysis of the tribological behavior of hard layers obtained by three different hardened surface processes on the surface of aisi 4140 steel |
| topic | abrasive wear diffusion processes hard layers boriding nitriding carburizing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/12/2/298 |
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