Biosensors for Detecting Lymphocytes and Immunoglobulins
Lymphocytes (B, T and natural killer cells) and immunoglobulins are essential for the adaptive immune response against external pathogens. Flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) kits are the gold standards to detect immunoglobulins, B cells and T cells, whereas the impedance measurem...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-10-01
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| Series: | Biosensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/10/11/155 |
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| author | Pietro Salvo Federico M. Vivaldi Andrea Bonini Denise Biagini Francesca G. Bellagambi Filippo M. Miliani Fabio Di Francesco Tommaso Lomonaco |
| author_facet | Pietro Salvo Federico M. Vivaldi Andrea Bonini Denise Biagini Francesca G. Bellagambi Filippo M. Miliani Fabio Di Francesco Tommaso Lomonaco |
| author_sort | Pietro Salvo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Lymphocytes (B, T and natural killer cells) and immunoglobulins are essential for the adaptive immune response against external pathogens. Flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) kits are the gold standards to detect immunoglobulins, B cells and T cells, whereas the impedance measurement is the most used technique for natural killer cells. For point-of-care, fast and low-cost devices, biosensors could be suitable for the reliable, stable and reproducible detection of immunoglobulins and lymphocytes. In the literature, such biosensors are commonly fabricated using antibodies, aptamers, proteins and nanomaterials, whereas electrochemical, optical and piezoelectric techniques are used for detection. This review describes how these measurement techniques and transducers can be used to fabricate biosensors for detecting lymphocytes and the total content of immunoglobulins. The various methods and configurations are reported, along with the advantages and current limitations. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:18:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e6d3c9acc7ee42438bbc4c4254caec5d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6374 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:18:18Z |
| publishDate | 2020-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biosensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-e6d3c9acc7ee42438bbc4c4254caec5d2023-11-20T18:43:47ZengMDPI AGBiosensors2079-63742020-10-01101115510.3390/bios10110155Biosensors for Detecting Lymphocytes and ImmunoglobulinsPietro Salvo0Federico M. Vivaldi1Andrea Bonini2Denise Biagini3Francesca G. Bellagambi4Filippo M. Miliani5Fabio Di Francesco6Tommaso Lomonaco7Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, ItalyInstitute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, ItalyInstitut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, Université Lyon 1, 5, rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, FranceDepartment of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, ItalyLymphocytes (B, T and natural killer cells) and immunoglobulins are essential for the adaptive immune response against external pathogens. Flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) kits are the gold standards to detect immunoglobulins, B cells and T cells, whereas the impedance measurement is the most used technique for natural killer cells. For point-of-care, fast and low-cost devices, biosensors could be suitable for the reliable, stable and reproducible detection of immunoglobulins and lymphocytes. In the literature, such biosensors are commonly fabricated using antibodies, aptamers, proteins and nanomaterials, whereas electrochemical, optical and piezoelectric techniques are used for detection. This review describes how these measurement techniques and transducers can be used to fabricate biosensors for detecting lymphocytes and the total content of immunoglobulins. The various methods and configurations are reported, along with the advantages and current limitations.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/10/11/155lymphocytesimmunoglobulinsB cellsT cellsnatural killer cellsbiosensors |
| spellingShingle | Pietro Salvo Federico M. Vivaldi Andrea Bonini Denise Biagini Francesca G. Bellagambi Filippo M. Miliani Fabio Di Francesco Tommaso Lomonaco Biosensors for Detecting Lymphocytes and Immunoglobulins Biosensors lymphocytes immunoglobulins B cells T cells natural killer cells biosensors |
| title | Biosensors for Detecting Lymphocytes and Immunoglobulins |
| title_full | Biosensors for Detecting Lymphocytes and Immunoglobulins |
| title_fullStr | Biosensors for Detecting Lymphocytes and Immunoglobulins |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biosensors for Detecting Lymphocytes and Immunoglobulins |
| title_short | Biosensors for Detecting Lymphocytes and Immunoglobulins |
| title_sort | biosensors for detecting lymphocytes and immunoglobulins |
| topic | lymphocytes immunoglobulins B cells T cells natural killer cells biosensors |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/10/11/155 |
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