The direct and indirect effects of the environmental factors on global terrestrial gross primary productivity over the past four decades
Gross primary productivity (GPP) is jointly controlled by the structural and physiological properties of the vegetation canopy and the changing environment. Recent studies showed notable changes in global GPP during recent decades and attributed it to dramatic environmental changes. Environmental ch...
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IOP Publishing
2023-01-01
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Series: | Environmental Research Letters |
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Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad107f |
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author | Yue Chen Zaichun Zhu Weiqing Zhao Muyi Li Sen Cao Yaoyao Zheng Feng Tian Ranga B Myneni |
author_facet | Yue Chen Zaichun Zhu Weiqing Zhao Muyi Li Sen Cao Yaoyao Zheng Feng Tian Ranga B Myneni |
author_sort | Yue Chen |
collection | DOAJ |
description | Gross primary productivity (GPP) is jointly controlled by the structural and physiological properties of the vegetation canopy and the changing environment. Recent studies showed notable changes in global GPP during recent decades and attributed it to dramatic environmental changes. Environmental changes can affect GPP by altering not only the biogeochemical characteristics of the photosynthesis system (direct effects) but also the structure of the vegetation canopy (indirect effects). However, comprehensively quantifying the multi-pathway effects of environmental change on GPP is currently challenging. We proposed a framework to analyse the changes in global GPP by combining a nested machine-learning model and a theoretical photosynthesis model. We quantified the direct and indirect effects of changes in key environmental factors (atmospheric CO _2 concentration, temperature, solar radiation, vapour pressure deficit (VPD), and soil moisture (SM)) on global GPP from 1982 to 2020. The results showed that direct and indirect absolute contributions of environmental changes on global GPP were 0.2819 Pg C yr ^−2 and 0.1078 Pg C yr ^−2. Direct and indirect effects for single environmental factors accounted for 1.36%–51.96% and 0.56%–18.37% of the total environmental effect. Among the direct effects, the positive contribution of elevated CO _2 concentration on GPP was the highest; and warming-induced GPP increase counteracted the negative effects. There was also a notable indirect effect, mainly through the influence of the leaf area index. In particular, the rising VPD and declining SM negatively impacted GPP more through the indirect pathway rather than the direct pathway, but not sufficient to offset the boost of warming over the past four decades. We provide new insights for understanding the effects of environmental changes on vegetation photosynthesis, which could help modelling and projection of the global carbon cycle in the context of dramatic global environmental change. |
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language | English |
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series | Environmental Research Letters |
spelling | doaj.art-e7096824fd52439b815c52cb7f096eb52023-12-18T08:12:25ZengIOP PublishingEnvironmental Research Letters1748-93262023-01-0119101405210.1088/1748-9326/ad107fThe direct and indirect effects of the environmental factors on global terrestrial gross primary productivity over the past four decadesYue Chen0Zaichun Zhu1Weiqing Zhao2Muyi Li3Sen Cao4Yaoyao Zheng5Feng Tian6Ranga B Myneni7School of Urban Planning and Design, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University , Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Human-Earth Relations, Ministry of Natural Resources of China, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University , Shenzhen, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Urban Planning and Design, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University , Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Human-Earth Relations, Ministry of Natural Resources of China, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University , Shenzhen, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Urban Planning and Design, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University , Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Human-Earth Relations, Ministry of Natural Resources of China, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University , Shenzhen, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Urban Planning and Design, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University , Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Human-Earth Relations, Ministry of Natural Resources of China, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University , Shenzhen, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Urban Planning and Design, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University , Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Human-Earth Relations, Ministry of Natural Resources of China, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University , Shenzhen, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Urban Planning and Design, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University , Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Human-Earth Relations, Ministry of Natural Resources of China, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University , Shenzhen, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Urban Planning and Design, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University , Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Human-Earth Relations, Ministry of Natural Resources of China, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University , Shenzhen, People’s Republic of ChinaDepartment of Earth and Environment, Boston University , Boston, MA, United States of AmericaGross primary productivity (GPP) is jointly controlled by the structural and physiological properties of the vegetation canopy and the changing environment. Recent studies showed notable changes in global GPP during recent decades and attributed it to dramatic environmental changes. Environmental changes can affect GPP by altering not only the biogeochemical characteristics of the photosynthesis system (direct effects) but also the structure of the vegetation canopy (indirect effects). However, comprehensively quantifying the multi-pathway effects of environmental change on GPP is currently challenging. We proposed a framework to analyse the changes in global GPP by combining a nested machine-learning model and a theoretical photosynthesis model. We quantified the direct and indirect effects of changes in key environmental factors (atmospheric CO _2 concentration, temperature, solar radiation, vapour pressure deficit (VPD), and soil moisture (SM)) on global GPP from 1982 to 2020. The results showed that direct and indirect absolute contributions of environmental changes on global GPP were 0.2819 Pg C yr ^−2 and 0.1078 Pg C yr ^−2. Direct and indirect effects for single environmental factors accounted for 1.36%–51.96% and 0.56%–18.37% of the total environmental effect. Among the direct effects, the positive contribution of elevated CO _2 concentration on GPP was the highest; and warming-induced GPP increase counteracted the negative effects. There was also a notable indirect effect, mainly through the influence of the leaf area index. In particular, the rising VPD and declining SM negatively impacted GPP more through the indirect pathway rather than the direct pathway, but not sufficient to offset the boost of warming over the past four decades. We provide new insights for understanding the effects of environmental changes on vegetation photosynthesis, which could help modelling and projection of the global carbon cycle in the context of dramatic global environmental change.https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad107fgross primary productivityleaf area indexclimate changeCO2 fertilizationrandom forests |
spellingShingle | Yue Chen Zaichun Zhu Weiqing Zhao Muyi Li Sen Cao Yaoyao Zheng Feng Tian Ranga B Myneni The direct and indirect effects of the environmental factors on global terrestrial gross primary productivity over the past four decades Environmental Research Letters gross primary productivity leaf area index climate change CO2 fertilization random forests |
title | The direct and indirect effects of the environmental factors on global terrestrial gross primary productivity over the past four decades |
title_full | The direct and indirect effects of the environmental factors on global terrestrial gross primary productivity over the past four decades |
title_fullStr | The direct and indirect effects of the environmental factors on global terrestrial gross primary productivity over the past four decades |
title_full_unstemmed | The direct and indirect effects of the environmental factors on global terrestrial gross primary productivity over the past four decades |
title_short | The direct and indirect effects of the environmental factors on global terrestrial gross primary productivity over the past four decades |
title_sort | direct and indirect effects of the environmental factors on global terrestrial gross primary productivity over the past four decades |
topic | gross primary productivity leaf area index climate change CO2 fertilization random forests |
url | https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad107f |
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