Patterns of Variation and Chemosystematic Significance of Phenolic Compounds in the Genus <i>Cyclopia</i> (Fabaceae, Podalyrieae)
As a contribution towards a better understanding of phenolic variation in the genus <i>Cyclopia</i> (honeybush tea), a collection of 82 samples from 15 of the 23 known species was analysed using liquid-chromatography−high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) in electrospray...
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MDPI AG
2019-06-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/13/2352 |
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| author | Maria. A. Stander Herman Redelinghuys Keabetswe Masike Helen Long Ben-Erik Van Wyk |
| author_facet | Maria. A. Stander Herman Redelinghuys Keabetswe Masike Helen Long Ben-Erik Van Wyk |
| author_sort | Maria. A. Stander |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As a contribution towards a better understanding of phenolic variation in the genus <i>Cyclopia</i> (honeybush tea), a collection of 82 samples from 15 of the 23 known species was analysed using liquid-chromatography−high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) in electrospray ionization (ESI) negative mode. Mangiferin and isomangiferin were found to be the main compounds detected in most samples, with the exception of <i>C. bowiena</i> and <i>C. buxifolia</i> where none of these compounds were detected. These xanthones were found to be absent from the seeds and also illustrated consistent differences between species and provenances. Results for contemporary samples agreed closely with those based on analysis of a collection of ca. 30-year-old samples. The use of multivariate tools allowed for graphical visualizations of the patterns of variation as well as the levels of the main phenolic compounds. Exclusion of mangiferin and citric acid from the data was found to give better visual separation between species. The use of UPLC-HRMS generated a large dataset that allowed for comparisons between species, provenances and plant parts (leaves, pods, flowers and seeds). Phenetic analyses resulted in groupings of samples that were partly congruent with species but not with morphological groupings within the genus. Although different provenances of the same species were sometimes found to be very variable, Principle Component Analysis (PCA) indicated that a combination of compounds have some (albeit limited) potential as diagnostic characters at species level. 74 Phenolic compounds are presented, many of which were identified for the first time in <i>Cyclopia</i> species, with nine of these being responsible for the separation between samples in the PCAs. |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T05:25:13Z |
| publishDate | 2019-06-01 |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-e74db1cc9857449aacc43f66da2942152022-12-22T03:00:36ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492019-06-012413235210.3390/molecules24132352molecules24132352Patterns of Variation and Chemosystematic Significance of Phenolic Compounds in the Genus <i>Cyclopia</i> (Fabaceae, Podalyrieae)Maria. A. Stander0Herman Redelinghuys1Keabetswe Masike2Helen Long3Ben-Erik Van Wyk4Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7600, South AfricaCREST (Centre for Research on Evaluation, Science and Technology), University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7600, South AfricaDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7600, South AfricaDepartment of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South AfricaDepartment of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South AfricaAs a contribution towards a better understanding of phenolic variation in the genus <i>Cyclopia</i> (honeybush tea), a collection of 82 samples from 15 of the 23 known species was analysed using liquid-chromatography−high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) in electrospray ionization (ESI) negative mode. Mangiferin and isomangiferin were found to be the main compounds detected in most samples, with the exception of <i>C. bowiena</i> and <i>C. buxifolia</i> where none of these compounds were detected. These xanthones were found to be absent from the seeds and also illustrated consistent differences between species and provenances. Results for contemporary samples agreed closely with those based on analysis of a collection of ca. 30-year-old samples. The use of multivariate tools allowed for graphical visualizations of the patterns of variation as well as the levels of the main phenolic compounds. Exclusion of mangiferin and citric acid from the data was found to give better visual separation between species. The use of UPLC-HRMS generated a large dataset that allowed for comparisons between species, provenances and plant parts (leaves, pods, flowers and seeds). Phenetic analyses resulted in groupings of samples that were partly congruent with species but not with morphological groupings within the genus. Although different provenances of the same species were sometimes found to be very variable, Principle Component Analysis (PCA) indicated that a combination of compounds have some (albeit limited) potential as diagnostic characters at species level. 74 Phenolic compounds are presented, many of which were identified for the first time in <i>Cyclopia</i> species, with nine of these being responsible for the separation between samples in the PCAs.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/13/2352<i>Cyclopia</i>honeybush teaphenolic compoundsorobolbuteinmangiferinLCMSisosakuranetinmultivariate data analysis |
| spellingShingle | Maria. A. Stander Herman Redelinghuys Keabetswe Masike Helen Long Ben-Erik Van Wyk Patterns of Variation and Chemosystematic Significance of Phenolic Compounds in the Genus <i>Cyclopia</i> (Fabaceae, Podalyrieae) Molecules <i>Cyclopia</i> honeybush tea phenolic compounds orobol butein mangiferin LCMS isosakuranetin multivariate data analysis |
| title | Patterns of Variation and Chemosystematic Significance of Phenolic Compounds in the Genus <i>Cyclopia</i> (Fabaceae, Podalyrieae) |
| title_full | Patterns of Variation and Chemosystematic Significance of Phenolic Compounds in the Genus <i>Cyclopia</i> (Fabaceae, Podalyrieae) |
| title_fullStr | Patterns of Variation and Chemosystematic Significance of Phenolic Compounds in the Genus <i>Cyclopia</i> (Fabaceae, Podalyrieae) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Patterns of Variation and Chemosystematic Significance of Phenolic Compounds in the Genus <i>Cyclopia</i> (Fabaceae, Podalyrieae) |
| title_short | Patterns of Variation and Chemosystematic Significance of Phenolic Compounds in the Genus <i>Cyclopia</i> (Fabaceae, Podalyrieae) |
| title_sort | patterns of variation and chemosystematic significance of phenolic compounds in the genus i cyclopia i fabaceae podalyrieae |
| topic | <i>Cyclopia</i> honeybush tea phenolic compounds orobol butein mangiferin LCMS isosakuranetin multivariate data analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/13/2352 |
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