Evaluation of nutritional status and clinical depression classification using an explainable machine learning method
IntroductionDepression is a prevalent disorder worldwide, with potentially severe implications. It contributes significantly to an increased risk of diseases associated with multiple risk factors. Early accurate diagnosis of depressive symptoms is a critical first step toward management, interventio...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Nutrition |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2023.1165854/full |
| _version_ | 1797830997742452736 |
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| author | Payam Hosseinzadeh Kasani Payam Hosseinzadeh Kasani Jung Eun Lee Chihyun Park Chihyun Park Cheol-Heui Yun Cheol-Heui Yun Jae-Won Jang Jae-Won Jang Sang-Ah Lee Sang-Ah Lee |
| author_facet | Payam Hosseinzadeh Kasani Payam Hosseinzadeh Kasani Jung Eun Lee Chihyun Park Chihyun Park Cheol-Heui Yun Cheol-Heui Yun Jae-Won Jang Jae-Won Jang Sang-Ah Lee Sang-Ah Lee |
| author_sort | Payam Hosseinzadeh Kasani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | IntroductionDepression is a prevalent disorder worldwide, with potentially severe implications. It contributes significantly to an increased risk of diseases associated with multiple risk factors. Early accurate diagnosis of depressive symptoms is a critical first step toward management, intervention, and prevention. Various nutritional and dietary compounds have been suggested to be involved in the onset, maintenance, and severity of depressive disorders. Despite the challenges to better understanding the association between nutritional risk factors and the occurrence of depression, assessing the interplay of these markers through supervised machine learning remains to be fully explored.MethodsThis study aimed to determine the ability of machine learning-based decision support methods to identify the presence of depression using publicly available health data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Two exploration techniques, namely, uniform manifold approximation and projection and Pearson correlation, were performed for explanatory analysis among datasets. A grid search optimization with cross-validation was performed to fine-tune the models for classifying depression with the highest accuracy. Several performance measures, including accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, confusion matrix, areas under the precision-recall and receiver operating characteristic curves, and calibration plot, were used to compare classifier performances. We further investigated the importance of the features provided: visualized interpretation using ELI5, partial dependence plots, and local interpretable using model-agnostic explanations and Shapley additive explanation for the prediction at both the population and individual levels.ResultsThe best model achieved an accuracy of 86.18% for XGBoost and an area under the curve of 84.96% for the random forest model in original dataset and the XGBoost algorithm with an accuracy of 86.02% and an area under the curve of 85.34% in the quantile-based dataset. The explainable results revealed a complementary observation of the relative changes in feature values, and, thus, the importance of emergent depression risks could be identified.DiscussionThe strength of our approach is the large sample size used for training with a fine-tuned model. The machine learning-based analysis showed that the hyper-tuned model has empirically higher accuracy in classifying patients with depressive disorder, as evidenced by the set of interpretable experiments, and can be an effective solution for disease control. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-09T13:45:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e75740c9e5e4471ea9b9215794a807b5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-861X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-09T13:45:26Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Nutrition |
| spelling | doaj.art-e75740c9e5e4471ea9b9215794a807b52023-05-09T05:12:21ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Nutrition2296-861X2023-05-011010.3389/fnut.2023.11658541165854Evaluation of nutritional status and clinical depression classification using an explainable machine learning methodPayam Hosseinzadeh Kasani0Payam Hosseinzadeh Kasani1Jung Eun Lee2Chihyun Park3Chihyun Park4Cheol-Heui Yun5Cheol-Heui Yun6Jae-Won Jang7Jae-Won Jang8Sang-Ah Lee9Sang-Ah Lee10Department of Neurology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Republic of KoreaInterdisciplinary Graduate Program in Medical Bigdata Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of KoreaInterdisciplinary Graduate Program in Medical Bigdata Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of KoreaInterdisciplinary Graduate Program in Medical Bigdata Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaResearch Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Neurology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Neurology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of KoreaInterdisciplinary Graduate Program in Medical Bigdata Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of KoreaIntroductionDepression is a prevalent disorder worldwide, with potentially severe implications. It contributes significantly to an increased risk of diseases associated with multiple risk factors. Early accurate diagnosis of depressive symptoms is a critical first step toward management, intervention, and prevention. Various nutritional and dietary compounds have been suggested to be involved in the onset, maintenance, and severity of depressive disorders. Despite the challenges to better understanding the association between nutritional risk factors and the occurrence of depression, assessing the interplay of these markers through supervised machine learning remains to be fully explored.MethodsThis study aimed to determine the ability of machine learning-based decision support methods to identify the presence of depression using publicly available health data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Two exploration techniques, namely, uniform manifold approximation and projection and Pearson correlation, were performed for explanatory analysis among datasets. A grid search optimization with cross-validation was performed to fine-tune the models for classifying depression with the highest accuracy. Several performance measures, including accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, confusion matrix, areas under the precision-recall and receiver operating characteristic curves, and calibration plot, were used to compare classifier performances. We further investigated the importance of the features provided: visualized interpretation using ELI5, partial dependence plots, and local interpretable using model-agnostic explanations and Shapley additive explanation for the prediction at both the population and individual levels.ResultsThe best model achieved an accuracy of 86.18% for XGBoost and an area under the curve of 84.96% for the random forest model in original dataset and the XGBoost algorithm with an accuracy of 86.02% and an area under the curve of 85.34% in the quantile-based dataset. The explainable results revealed a complementary observation of the relative changes in feature values, and, thus, the importance of emergent depression risks could be identified.DiscussionThe strength of our approach is the large sample size used for training with a fine-tuned model. The machine learning-based analysis showed that the hyper-tuned model has empirically higher accuracy in classifying patients with depressive disorder, as evidenced by the set of interpretable experiments, and can be an effective solution for disease control.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2023.1165854/fulldepressionnutritionmachine learningclassificationinterpretabilityclinical depression |
| spellingShingle | Payam Hosseinzadeh Kasani Payam Hosseinzadeh Kasani Jung Eun Lee Chihyun Park Chihyun Park Cheol-Heui Yun Cheol-Heui Yun Jae-Won Jang Jae-Won Jang Sang-Ah Lee Sang-Ah Lee Evaluation of nutritional status and clinical depression classification using an explainable machine learning method Frontiers in Nutrition depression nutrition machine learning classification interpretability clinical depression |
| title | Evaluation of nutritional status and clinical depression classification using an explainable machine learning method |
| title_full | Evaluation of nutritional status and clinical depression classification using an explainable machine learning method |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of nutritional status and clinical depression classification using an explainable machine learning method |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of nutritional status and clinical depression classification using an explainable machine learning method |
| title_short | Evaluation of nutritional status and clinical depression classification using an explainable machine learning method |
| title_sort | evaluation of nutritional status and clinical depression classification using an explainable machine learning method |
| topic | depression nutrition machine learning classification interpretability clinical depression |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2023.1165854/full |
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