| Summary: | The role of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), which can deliver high radiation doses to focal tumors, has greatly increased in not only early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but also in portal vein or inferior vena cava thrombi, thus expanding this therapy to pre-transplantation and the treatment of oligometastases from HCC in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). In early-stage HCC, many promising prospective results of SBRT have been reported, although SBRT is not usually indicated as a first treatment potion in localized HCC according to several guidelines. In the treatment of portal vein or inferior vena cava tumor thrombi, several reports using various dose-fraction schedules have shown relatively good response rates with low toxicities and improved survival due to the rapid advancements in systemic therapy. Although SBRT is regarded as a substitute therapy when conventional bridging therapies to transplantation, such as transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA), are not applicable or fail in controlling tumors, SBRT may offer advantages in patients with borderline liver function who may not tolerate TACE or RFA, according to several reports. For oligometastases, the combination of SBRT with ICI could potentially induce an abscopal effect in patients with HCC, which is expected to provide the rationale for SBRT in the treatment of oligometastatic disease in the near future.
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