Cytotoxicity and Microbicidal Activity of Commonly Used Organic Solvents: A Comparative Study and Application to a Standardized Extract from <i>Vaccinium macrocarpon</i>
The cytotoxicity and microbicidal capacity of seven organic solvents commonly applied for studying plant extracts and bioactive compounds were systematically investigated based on international standards. Four cell lines of normal (CCL-1, HaCaT) or tumor (A-375, A-431) tissue origin, seven bacterial...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/5/92 |
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| author | Yana Ilieva Lyudmila Dimitrova Maya Margaritova Zaharieva Mila Kaleva Petko Alov Ivanka Tsakovska Tania Pencheva Ivanka Pencheva-El Tibi Hristo Najdenski Ilza Pajeva |
| author_facet | Yana Ilieva Lyudmila Dimitrova Maya Margaritova Zaharieva Mila Kaleva Petko Alov Ivanka Tsakovska Tania Pencheva Ivanka Pencheva-El Tibi Hristo Najdenski Ilza Pajeva |
| author_sort | Yana Ilieva |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The cytotoxicity and microbicidal capacity of seven organic solvents commonly applied for studying plant extracts and bioactive compounds were systematically investigated based on international standards. Four cell lines of normal (CCL-1, HaCaT) or tumor (A-375, A-431) tissue origin, seven bacterial and one fungal strain were used. The impact of the least toxic solvents in the determination of in vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated using a standardized extract from <i>Vaccinium macrocarpon</i> containing 54.2% <i>v/v</i> proanthocyanidins (CystiCran<sup>®</sup>). The solvents ethanol, methoxyethanol and polyethylene glycol were the least cytotoxic to all cell lines, with a maximum tolerated concentration (MTC) between 1 and 2% <i>v/v</i>. Ethanol, methanol and polyethylene glycol were mostly suitable for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ≥ 25% <i>v/v</i>. The MTC values of the solvents dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethoxyethane and dimethylformamide varied from 0.03% to 1.09% <i>v/v</i>. The MICs of dimethyl sulfoxide, methoxyethanol and dimethoxyethane were in the range of 3.125–25% <i>v/v</i>. The cytotoxic effects of CystiCran<sup>®</sup> on eukaryotic cell lines were directly proportional to the superimposed effect of the solvents used. The results of this study can be useful for selecting the appropriate solvents for in vitro estimation of the cytotoxic and growth inhibitory effects of bioactive molecules in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:07:10Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e7a57245ef3443a6aba7bc7ae4de9246 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:07:10Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj.art-e7a57245ef3443a6aba7bc7ae4de92462023-11-21T16:31:02ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042021-04-01959210.3390/toxics9050092Cytotoxicity and Microbicidal Activity of Commonly Used Organic Solvents: A Comparative Study and Application to a Standardized Extract from <i>Vaccinium macrocarpon</i>Yana Ilieva0Lyudmila Dimitrova1Maya Margaritova Zaharieva2Mila Kaleva3Petko Alov4Ivanka Tsakovska5Tania Pencheva6Ivanka Pencheva-El Tibi7Hristo Najdenski8Ilza Pajeva9Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of QSAR and Molecular Modelling, Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of QSAR and Molecular Modelling, Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of QSAR and Molecular Modelling, Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University—Sofia, 1000 Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of QSAR and Molecular Modelling, Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, BulgariaThe cytotoxicity and microbicidal capacity of seven organic solvents commonly applied for studying plant extracts and bioactive compounds were systematically investigated based on international standards. Four cell lines of normal (CCL-1, HaCaT) or tumor (A-375, A-431) tissue origin, seven bacterial and one fungal strain were used. The impact of the least toxic solvents in the determination of in vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated using a standardized extract from <i>Vaccinium macrocarpon</i> containing 54.2% <i>v/v</i> proanthocyanidins (CystiCran<sup>®</sup>). The solvents ethanol, methoxyethanol and polyethylene glycol were the least cytotoxic to all cell lines, with a maximum tolerated concentration (MTC) between 1 and 2% <i>v/v</i>. Ethanol, methanol and polyethylene glycol were mostly suitable for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ≥ 25% <i>v/v</i>. The MTC values of the solvents dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethoxyethane and dimethylformamide varied from 0.03% to 1.09% <i>v/v</i>. The MICs of dimethyl sulfoxide, methoxyethanol and dimethoxyethane were in the range of 3.125–25% <i>v/v</i>. The cytotoxic effects of CystiCran<sup>®</sup> on eukaryotic cell lines were directly proportional to the superimposed effect of the solvents used. The results of this study can be useful for selecting the appropriate solvents for in vitro estimation of the cytotoxic and growth inhibitory effects of bioactive molecules in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/5/92organic solventsin vitro cytotoxicitycell linesmicrobicidal effectproanthocyanidins |
| spellingShingle | Yana Ilieva Lyudmila Dimitrova Maya Margaritova Zaharieva Mila Kaleva Petko Alov Ivanka Tsakovska Tania Pencheva Ivanka Pencheva-El Tibi Hristo Najdenski Ilza Pajeva Cytotoxicity and Microbicidal Activity of Commonly Used Organic Solvents: A Comparative Study and Application to a Standardized Extract from <i>Vaccinium macrocarpon</i> Toxics organic solvents in vitro cytotoxicity cell lines microbicidal effect proanthocyanidins |
| title | Cytotoxicity and Microbicidal Activity of Commonly Used Organic Solvents: A Comparative Study and Application to a Standardized Extract from <i>Vaccinium macrocarpon</i> |
| title_full | Cytotoxicity and Microbicidal Activity of Commonly Used Organic Solvents: A Comparative Study and Application to a Standardized Extract from <i>Vaccinium macrocarpon</i> |
| title_fullStr | Cytotoxicity and Microbicidal Activity of Commonly Used Organic Solvents: A Comparative Study and Application to a Standardized Extract from <i>Vaccinium macrocarpon</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cytotoxicity and Microbicidal Activity of Commonly Used Organic Solvents: A Comparative Study and Application to a Standardized Extract from <i>Vaccinium macrocarpon</i> |
| title_short | Cytotoxicity and Microbicidal Activity of Commonly Used Organic Solvents: A Comparative Study and Application to a Standardized Extract from <i>Vaccinium macrocarpon</i> |
| title_sort | cytotoxicity and microbicidal activity of commonly used organic solvents a comparative study and application to a standardized extract from i vaccinium macrocarpon i |
| topic | organic solvents in vitro cytotoxicity cell lines microbicidal effect proanthocyanidins |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/5/92 |
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