Identification of High-Risk Areas for the Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Central Luzon, Philippines
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) is a major problem in the poultry industry. It is highly contagious and is associated with a high mortality rate. The Philippines experienced an outbreak of avian influenza (AI) in 2017. As there is always a risk of re-emergence, efforts to manage dise...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020-08-01
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| Series: | Veterinary Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/7/3/107 |
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| author | Roderick Salvador Neil Tanquilut Kannika Na Lampang Warangkhana Chaisowwong Dirk Pfeiffer Veerasak Punyapornwithaya |
| author_facet | Roderick Salvador Neil Tanquilut Kannika Na Lampang Warangkhana Chaisowwong Dirk Pfeiffer Veerasak Punyapornwithaya |
| author_sort | Roderick Salvador |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) is a major problem in the poultry industry. It is highly contagious and is associated with a high mortality rate. The Philippines experienced an outbreak of avian influenza (AI) in 2017. As there is always a risk of re-emergence, efforts to manage disease outbreaks should be optimal. Linked to this is the need for an effective surveillance procedure to capture disease outbreaks at their early stage. Risk-based surveillance is the most effective and economical approach to outbreak management. This study evaluated the potential of commercial poultry farms in Central Luzon to transmit HPAI by calculating their respective reproductive ratios (<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>R</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>). The reproductive number for each farm is based on the spatial kernel and the infectious period. A risk map has been created based on the calculated R<sub>0</sub>. There were 882 (76.63%) farms with <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>R</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> < 1. Farms with <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>R</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> ≥ 1 were all located in Pampanga Province. These farms were concentrated in the towns of San Luis (<i>n</i> = 12) and Candaba (<i>n</i> = 257). This study demonstrates the utility of mapping farm-level <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>R</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> estimates for informing HPAI risk management activities. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T17:46:22Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e7b616e073e54832afd9fbcefc1f846e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2306-7381 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T17:46:22Z |
| publishDate | 2020-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Veterinary Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-e7b616e073e54832afd9fbcefc1f846e2023-11-20T09:32:10ZengMDPI AGVeterinary Sciences2306-73812020-08-017310710.3390/vetsci7030107Identification of High-Risk Areas for the Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Central Luzon, PhilippinesRoderick Salvador0Neil Tanquilut1Kannika Na Lampang2Warangkhana Chaisowwong3Dirk Pfeiffer4Veerasak Punyapornwithaya5College of Veterinary Science and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz 3120, PhilippinesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Pampanga State Agricultural University, Pampanga 2011, PhilippinesVeterinary Public Health and Food Safety Centre for Asia Pacific (VPHCAP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandVeterinary Public Health and Food Safety Centre for Asia Pacific (VPHCAP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandVeterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, London AL9 7TA, UKVeterinary Public Health and Food Safety Centre for Asia Pacific (VPHCAP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandHighly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) is a major problem in the poultry industry. It is highly contagious and is associated with a high mortality rate. The Philippines experienced an outbreak of avian influenza (AI) in 2017. As there is always a risk of re-emergence, efforts to manage disease outbreaks should be optimal. Linked to this is the need for an effective surveillance procedure to capture disease outbreaks at their early stage. Risk-based surveillance is the most effective and economical approach to outbreak management. This study evaluated the potential of commercial poultry farms in Central Luzon to transmit HPAI by calculating their respective reproductive ratios (<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>R</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>). The reproductive number for each farm is based on the spatial kernel and the infectious period. A risk map has been created based on the calculated R<sub>0</sub>. There were 882 (76.63%) farms with <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>R</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> < 1. Farms with <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>R</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> ≥ 1 were all located in Pampanga Province. These farms were concentrated in the towns of San Luis (<i>n</i> = 12) and Candaba (<i>n</i> = 257). This study demonstrates the utility of mapping farm-level <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>R</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> estimates for informing HPAI risk management activities.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/7/3/107risk mapstransmission kernelactive surveillancehighly pathogenic avian influenzaPhilippines |
| spellingShingle | Roderick Salvador Neil Tanquilut Kannika Na Lampang Warangkhana Chaisowwong Dirk Pfeiffer Veerasak Punyapornwithaya Identification of High-Risk Areas for the Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Central Luzon, Philippines Veterinary Sciences risk maps transmission kernel active surveillance highly pathogenic avian influenza Philippines |
| title | Identification of High-Risk Areas for the Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Central Luzon, Philippines |
| title_full | Identification of High-Risk Areas for the Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Central Luzon, Philippines |
| title_fullStr | Identification of High-Risk Areas for the Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Central Luzon, Philippines |
| title_full_unstemmed | Identification of High-Risk Areas for the Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Central Luzon, Philippines |
| title_short | Identification of High-Risk Areas for the Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Central Luzon, Philippines |
| title_sort | identification of high risk areas for the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza in central luzon philippines |
| topic | risk maps transmission kernel active surveillance highly pathogenic avian influenza Philippines |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/7/3/107 |
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