Comparison of Different Dietary Fatty Acids Supplement on the Immune Response of Hybrid Grouper (<i>Epinephelus fuscoguttatus</i> × <i>Epinephelus lanceolatus</i>) Challenged with <i>Vibrio vulnificus</i>
Aquaculture has been expanding in Malaysia due to the increased demand for fish products. In addition, aquaculture faces challenges in maintaining feed suitability in support of the global growth of fish production. Therefore, improvements in diet formulation are necessary to achieve the optimal req...
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/9/1288 |
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| author | Maya Erna Natnan Chen Fei Low Chou Min Chong Nur Iwani Nasuha Akiko Ahmad Daud Ahmad Daud Om Syarul Nataqain Baharum |
| author_facet | Maya Erna Natnan Chen Fei Low Chou Min Chong Nur Iwani Nasuha Akiko Ahmad Daud Ahmad Daud Om Syarul Nataqain Baharum |
| author_sort | Maya Erna Natnan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Aquaculture has been expanding in Malaysia due to the increased demand for fish products. In addition, aquaculture faces challenges in maintaining feed suitability in support of the global growth of fish production. Therefore, improvements in diet formulation are necessary to achieve the optimal requirements and attain a desirable growth efficiency and health performance in fish. Seven weeks of study were conducted to compare the equal amounts of different fatty acids (2%) (oleic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, and behenic acid) on the survival, the growth, and the immune response of hybrid grouper (<i>Epinephelus fuscoguttatus</i> × <i>Epinephelus lanceolatus</i>) against <i>V. vulnificus</i>. After six weeks of the feeding trial, fish were challenged with <i>V. vulnificus</i> for 30 min before continuing on the same feeding regime for the next seven days (post-bacterial challenge). Fish supplemented with dietary oleic acid showed significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) enhanced immune responses, i.e., lysozyme, respiratory burst, and phagocytic activities compared to the control diet group for both pre-and post-bacterial challenges. Following the <i>Vibrio</i> challenge, no significant effects of supplemented fatty acid diets on survival rate were observed, although dietary oleic acid demonstrated the highest 63.3% survival rate compared to only 43.3% of the control diet group. In addition, there were no significant effects (<i>p</i> > 0.05) on specific growth rate (SGR), white blood cell (WBC), and red blood cell (RBC) counts among all experimental diets. The results from this study suggest that among the tested dietary fatty acids, the oleic acid diet showed promising results in the form of elevated immune responses and increased disease resistance of the hybrid grouper fingerlings challenged with <i>V. vulnificus.</i> |
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| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-e7c29ba64b17427789cf68d249469bad2023-11-23T15:07:01ZengMDPI AGBiology2079-77372022-08-01119128810.3390/biology11091288Comparison of Different Dietary Fatty Acids Supplement on the Immune Response of Hybrid Grouper (<i>Epinephelus fuscoguttatus</i> × <i>Epinephelus lanceolatus</i>) Challenged with <i>Vibrio vulnificus</i>Maya Erna Natnan0Chen Fei Low1Chou Min Chong2Nur Iwani Nasuha Akiko Ahmad Daud3Ahmad Daud Om4Syarul Nataqain Baharum5Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, MalaysiaMetabolomics Research Laboratory, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, MalaysiaAquaculture Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, MalaysiaDepartment of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, MalaysiaMarine Fish Aquaculture Research Division, Fisheries Research Institute Tanjung Demong, Besut 22200, MalaysiaMetabolomics Research Laboratory, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, MalaysiaAquaculture has been expanding in Malaysia due to the increased demand for fish products. In addition, aquaculture faces challenges in maintaining feed suitability in support of the global growth of fish production. Therefore, improvements in diet formulation are necessary to achieve the optimal requirements and attain a desirable growth efficiency and health performance in fish. Seven weeks of study were conducted to compare the equal amounts of different fatty acids (2%) (oleic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, and behenic acid) on the survival, the growth, and the immune response of hybrid grouper (<i>Epinephelus fuscoguttatus</i> × <i>Epinephelus lanceolatus</i>) against <i>V. vulnificus</i>. After six weeks of the feeding trial, fish were challenged with <i>V. vulnificus</i> for 30 min before continuing on the same feeding regime for the next seven days (post-bacterial challenge). Fish supplemented with dietary oleic acid showed significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) enhanced immune responses, i.e., lysozyme, respiratory burst, and phagocytic activities compared to the control diet group for both pre-and post-bacterial challenges. Following the <i>Vibrio</i> challenge, no significant effects of supplemented fatty acid diets on survival rate were observed, although dietary oleic acid demonstrated the highest 63.3% survival rate compared to only 43.3% of the control diet group. In addition, there were no significant effects (<i>p</i> > 0.05) on specific growth rate (SGR), white blood cell (WBC), and red blood cell (RBC) counts among all experimental diets. The results from this study suggest that among the tested dietary fatty acids, the oleic acid diet showed promising results in the form of elevated immune responses and increased disease resistance of the hybrid grouper fingerlings challenged with <i>V. vulnificus.</i>https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/9/1288oleic acidfish immunityimmunology assayaquafeed supplementationvibriosis |
| spellingShingle | Maya Erna Natnan Chen Fei Low Chou Min Chong Nur Iwani Nasuha Akiko Ahmad Daud Ahmad Daud Om Syarul Nataqain Baharum Comparison of Different Dietary Fatty Acids Supplement on the Immune Response of Hybrid Grouper (<i>Epinephelus fuscoguttatus</i> × <i>Epinephelus lanceolatus</i>) Challenged with <i>Vibrio vulnificus</i> Biology oleic acid fish immunity immunology assay aquafeed supplementation vibriosis |
| title | Comparison of Different Dietary Fatty Acids Supplement on the Immune Response of Hybrid Grouper (<i>Epinephelus fuscoguttatus</i> × <i>Epinephelus lanceolatus</i>) Challenged with <i>Vibrio vulnificus</i> |
| title_full | Comparison of Different Dietary Fatty Acids Supplement on the Immune Response of Hybrid Grouper (<i>Epinephelus fuscoguttatus</i> × <i>Epinephelus lanceolatus</i>) Challenged with <i>Vibrio vulnificus</i> |
| title_fullStr | Comparison of Different Dietary Fatty Acids Supplement on the Immune Response of Hybrid Grouper (<i>Epinephelus fuscoguttatus</i> × <i>Epinephelus lanceolatus</i>) Challenged with <i>Vibrio vulnificus</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparison of Different Dietary Fatty Acids Supplement on the Immune Response of Hybrid Grouper (<i>Epinephelus fuscoguttatus</i> × <i>Epinephelus lanceolatus</i>) Challenged with <i>Vibrio vulnificus</i> |
| title_short | Comparison of Different Dietary Fatty Acids Supplement on the Immune Response of Hybrid Grouper (<i>Epinephelus fuscoguttatus</i> × <i>Epinephelus lanceolatus</i>) Challenged with <i>Vibrio vulnificus</i> |
| title_sort | comparison of different dietary fatty acids supplement on the immune response of hybrid grouper i epinephelus fuscoguttatus i i epinephelus lanceolatus i challenged with i vibrio vulnificus i |
| topic | oleic acid fish immunity immunology assay aquafeed supplementation vibriosis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/9/1288 |
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