Effective, Environmentally Friendly PVC Plasticizers Based on Succinic Acid
The plasticizers used in this study were synthesized from renewable raw materials using succinic acid, oleic acid, and propylene glycol. Four environmentally friendly plasticizer samples were obtained; their chemical structures and compositions were confirmed by gas chromatography (GC) and infrared...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/7/1295 |
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| author | Kerstin Ledniowska Hanna Nosal-Kovalenko Weronika Janik Agata Krasuska Dorota Stańczyk Ewa Sabura Maria Bartoszewicz Aleksandra Rybak |
| author_facet | Kerstin Ledniowska Hanna Nosal-Kovalenko Weronika Janik Agata Krasuska Dorota Stańczyk Ewa Sabura Maria Bartoszewicz Aleksandra Rybak |
| author_sort | Kerstin Ledniowska |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The plasticizers used in this study were synthesized from renewable raw materials using succinic acid, oleic acid, and propylene glycol. Four environmentally friendly plasticizer samples were obtained; their chemical structures and compositions were confirmed by gas chromatography (GC) and infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR) analyses, and their physicochemical properties and thermal stability (TGA analysis) were investigated. The obtained ester mixtures were used as poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plasticizers and their plasticization efficiency was determined in comparison to traditional, commercially available phthalate plasticizers, such as DEHP (di(2-ethylhexyl phthalate) and DINP (diisononyl phthalate). Mechanical properties and migration resistance were determined for soft PVC with the use of three concentrations of plasticizers (40 PHR, 50 PHR, and 60 PHR). It was observed that the obtained plasticizers exhibited the same plasticization efficiency and were characterized with good mechanical and physical properties in comparison to commercial plasticizers. The tensile strength was approx. 19 MPa, while the elongation at break was approx. 250% for all tested plasticizers at a concentration of 50 PHR. Furthermore, plasticizer migration studies showed that the synthesized plasticizers had excellent resistance to plasticizer leaching. The best migration test result obtained was 70% lower than that for DEHP or DINP. The ester mixture that was found to be the most favorable plasticizer was characterized by good thermal and thermo-oxidative stability (5% weight loss temperature: 227.8 °C in air and 261.1 °C in nitrogen). The results of the research clearly indicate that the synthesized esters can provide a green alternative to toxic phthalate plasticizers. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:31:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e7c44b18d80d422090dc448436dadd09 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:31:00Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-e7c44b18d80d422090dc448436dadd092023-11-30T23:52:30ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602022-03-01147129510.3390/polym14071295Effective, Environmentally Friendly PVC Plasticizers Based on Succinic AcidKerstin Ledniowska0Hanna Nosal-Kovalenko1Weronika Janik2Agata Krasuska3Dorota Stańczyk4Ewa Sabura5Maria Bartoszewicz6Aleksandra Rybak7Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, PolandŁukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, PolandŁukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, PolandŁukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, PolandŁukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, PolandŁukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, PolandŁukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, PolandDepartment of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 7, 44-100 Gliwice, PolandThe plasticizers used in this study were synthesized from renewable raw materials using succinic acid, oleic acid, and propylene glycol. Four environmentally friendly plasticizer samples were obtained; their chemical structures and compositions were confirmed by gas chromatography (GC) and infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR) analyses, and their physicochemical properties and thermal stability (TGA analysis) were investigated. The obtained ester mixtures were used as poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plasticizers and their plasticization efficiency was determined in comparison to traditional, commercially available phthalate plasticizers, such as DEHP (di(2-ethylhexyl phthalate) and DINP (diisononyl phthalate). Mechanical properties and migration resistance were determined for soft PVC with the use of three concentrations of plasticizers (40 PHR, 50 PHR, and 60 PHR). It was observed that the obtained plasticizers exhibited the same plasticization efficiency and were characterized with good mechanical and physical properties in comparison to commercial plasticizers. The tensile strength was approx. 19 MPa, while the elongation at break was approx. 250% for all tested plasticizers at a concentration of 50 PHR. Furthermore, plasticizer migration studies showed that the synthesized plasticizers had excellent resistance to plasticizer leaching. The best migration test result obtained was 70% lower than that for DEHP or DINP. The ester mixture that was found to be the most favorable plasticizer was characterized by good thermal and thermo-oxidative stability (5% weight loss temperature: 227.8 °C in air and 261.1 °C in nitrogen). The results of the research clearly indicate that the synthesized esters can provide a green alternative to toxic phthalate plasticizers.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/7/1295plasticizersuccinatephthalatepoly(vinyl chloride)renewable resourcesmigration resistance |
| spellingShingle | Kerstin Ledniowska Hanna Nosal-Kovalenko Weronika Janik Agata Krasuska Dorota Stańczyk Ewa Sabura Maria Bartoszewicz Aleksandra Rybak Effective, Environmentally Friendly PVC Plasticizers Based on Succinic Acid Polymers plasticizer succinate phthalate poly(vinyl chloride) renewable resources migration resistance |
| title | Effective, Environmentally Friendly PVC Plasticizers Based on Succinic Acid |
| title_full | Effective, Environmentally Friendly PVC Plasticizers Based on Succinic Acid |
| title_fullStr | Effective, Environmentally Friendly PVC Plasticizers Based on Succinic Acid |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effective, Environmentally Friendly PVC Plasticizers Based on Succinic Acid |
| title_short | Effective, Environmentally Friendly PVC Plasticizers Based on Succinic Acid |
| title_sort | effective environmentally friendly pvc plasticizers based on succinic acid |
| topic | plasticizer succinate phthalate poly(vinyl chloride) renewable resources migration resistance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/7/1295 |
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