A Novel Bathing Therapeutic Approach for Diabetic Foot Ulcers
Ineffective healing and treatment of foot ulcers can lead to an infection and gangrene of the wound area that ultimately results in the loss of the limb. The incidence of foot ulcers is higher in patients with diabetes, peripheral vascular disease and kidney disease. Accordingly, this study was unde...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-09-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/18/8402 |
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| author | Paramjit S. Tappia Brett Hiebert Rohan Sanjanwala Paul Komenda Chris Sathianathan Amarjit S. Arneja Bram Ramjiawan |
| author_facet | Paramjit S. Tappia Brett Hiebert Rohan Sanjanwala Paul Komenda Chris Sathianathan Amarjit S. Arneja Bram Ramjiawan |
| author_sort | Paramjit S. Tappia |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ineffective healing and treatment of foot ulcers can lead to an infection and gangrene of the wound area that ultimately results in the loss of the limb. The incidence of foot ulcers is higher in patients with diabetes, peripheral vascular disease and kidney disease. Accordingly, this study was undertaken to assess the ability of foot bathing in CO<sub>2</sub>-enriched water to heal foot ulcers. The design was a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Patients with at least one foot ulcer were randomized to receive either a treatment with bath therapy at 37 ± 0.5 °C containing either 1000–1200 ppm CO<sub>2</sub>-enriched tap water (the intervention) or non-carbonated tap water at 37 ± 0.5 °C (the control group). Treatment was conducted three times/week for 15 min per session for up to 16 weeks for a total of 48 treatment sessions. Before and at the end of every treatment month, wound size, wound area oxygenation and the ankle brachial index were measured. In addition, the McGill pain questionnaire was conducted. Blood was also collected at these time points (for a total of five collections) for the measurement of different biomarkers. While no significant differences (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in the group/time interaction effect were observed, a clear separation within the wound area reduction/wound area/oxygenated Hb outcomes was seen between placebo (control) and treatment (CO<sub>2</sub>) group. This pilot study is suggestive that bathing in CO<sub>2</sub>-enriched water may accelerate the healing of foot ulcers. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:56:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e7cd390aa7c14cc0a244f4c47a4454b5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:56:33Z |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-e7cd390aa7c14cc0a244f4c47a4454b52023-11-22T11:52:08ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172021-09-011118840210.3390/app11188402A Novel Bathing Therapeutic Approach for Diabetic Foot UlcersParamjit S. Tappia0Brett Hiebert1Rohan Sanjanwala2Paul Komenda3Chris Sathianathan4Amarjit S. Arneja5Bram Ramjiawan6Asper Clinical Research Institute, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, CanadaCardiac Sciences Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, CanadaCardiac Sciences Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, CanadaDepartment of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, University of Manitoba & Seven Oaks Hospital, Winnipeg, MB R2V 3M3, CanadaDepartment of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, CanadaDepartment of Internal Medicine, Section of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Manitoba & Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, CanadaAsper Clinical Research Institute, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, CanadaIneffective healing and treatment of foot ulcers can lead to an infection and gangrene of the wound area that ultimately results in the loss of the limb. The incidence of foot ulcers is higher in patients with diabetes, peripheral vascular disease and kidney disease. Accordingly, this study was undertaken to assess the ability of foot bathing in CO<sub>2</sub>-enriched water to heal foot ulcers. The design was a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Patients with at least one foot ulcer were randomized to receive either a treatment with bath therapy at 37 ± 0.5 °C containing either 1000–1200 ppm CO<sub>2</sub>-enriched tap water (the intervention) or non-carbonated tap water at 37 ± 0.5 °C (the control group). Treatment was conducted three times/week for 15 min per session for up to 16 weeks for a total of 48 treatment sessions. Before and at the end of every treatment month, wound size, wound area oxygenation and the ankle brachial index were measured. In addition, the McGill pain questionnaire was conducted. Blood was also collected at these time points (for a total of five collections) for the measurement of different biomarkers. While no significant differences (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in the group/time interaction effect were observed, a clear separation within the wound area reduction/wound area/oxygenated Hb outcomes was seen between placebo (control) and treatment (CO<sub>2</sub>) group. This pilot study is suggestive that bathing in CO<sub>2</sub>-enriched water may accelerate the healing of foot ulcers.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/18/8402foot ulcerCO<sub>2</sub>-enriched waterfoot-bathing therapy |
| spellingShingle | Paramjit S. Tappia Brett Hiebert Rohan Sanjanwala Paul Komenda Chris Sathianathan Amarjit S. Arneja Bram Ramjiawan A Novel Bathing Therapeutic Approach for Diabetic Foot Ulcers Applied Sciences foot ulcer CO<sub>2</sub>-enriched water foot-bathing therapy |
| title | A Novel Bathing Therapeutic Approach for Diabetic Foot Ulcers |
| title_full | A Novel Bathing Therapeutic Approach for Diabetic Foot Ulcers |
| title_fullStr | A Novel Bathing Therapeutic Approach for Diabetic Foot Ulcers |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Novel Bathing Therapeutic Approach for Diabetic Foot Ulcers |
| title_short | A Novel Bathing Therapeutic Approach for Diabetic Foot Ulcers |
| title_sort | novel bathing therapeutic approach for diabetic foot ulcers |
| topic | foot ulcer CO<sub>2</sub>-enriched water foot-bathing therapy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/18/8402 |
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