Physical, Mechanical, and Water Vapor Barrier Properties of Starch/Cellulose Nanofiber/Thymol Bionanocomposite Films
The application of starch films, such as food packaging materials, has been restricted due to poor mechanical and barrier properties. However, the addition of a reinforcing agent, cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and also thymol, into the films, may improve the properties of films. This work investigates...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/23/4060 |
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| author | Siti Hajar Othman Bilguisse Mamadou Wane Norhazirah Nordin Noor Zafira Noor Hasnan Rosnita A. Talib Joko Nugroho Wahyu Karyadi |
| author_facet | Siti Hajar Othman Bilguisse Mamadou Wane Norhazirah Nordin Noor Zafira Noor Hasnan Rosnita A. Talib Joko Nugroho Wahyu Karyadi |
| author_sort | Siti Hajar Othman |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The application of starch films, such as food packaging materials, has been restricted due to poor mechanical and barrier properties. However, the addition of a reinforcing agent, cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and also thymol, into the films, may improve the properties of films. This work investigates the effects of incorporating different concentrations of thymol (3, 5, 7, and 10 wt.%) on physical, mechanical, water vapor barrier, and antibacterial properties of corn starch films, containing 1.5 wt.% CNF produced using the solvent casting method. The addition of thymol does not significantly affect the color and opacity of the films. It is found that the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the films decreases from 10.6 to 6.3 MPa and from 436.9 to 209.8 MPa, respectively, and the elongation at break increased from 110.6% to 123.5% with the incorporation of 10 wt.% thymol into the films. Furthermore, the addition of thymol at higher concentrations (7 and 10 wt.%) improved the water vapor barrier of the films by approximately 60.0%, from 4.98 × 10<sup>—9</sup> to 2.01 × 10<sup>—9</sup> g/d.m.Pa. Starch/CNF/thymol bionanocomposite films are also found to exhibit antibacterial activity against <i>Escherichia coli</i>. In conclusion, the produced starch/CNF/thymol bionanocomposite films have the potential to be used as antibacterial food packaging materials. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:47:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e7dbe38952b24c478d57b3cdb06db0d1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:47:52Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-e7dbe38952b24c478d57b3cdb06db0d12023-11-23T02:52:16ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602021-11-011323406010.3390/polym13234060Physical, Mechanical, and Water Vapor Barrier Properties of Starch/Cellulose Nanofiber/Thymol Bionanocomposite FilmsSiti Hajar Othman0Bilguisse Mamadou Wane1Norhazirah Nordin2Noor Zafira Noor Hasnan3Rosnita A. Talib4Joko Nugroho Wahyu Karyadi5Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, IndonesiaThe application of starch films, such as food packaging materials, has been restricted due to poor mechanical and barrier properties. However, the addition of a reinforcing agent, cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and also thymol, into the films, may improve the properties of films. This work investigates the effects of incorporating different concentrations of thymol (3, 5, 7, and 10 wt.%) on physical, mechanical, water vapor barrier, and antibacterial properties of corn starch films, containing 1.5 wt.% CNF produced using the solvent casting method. The addition of thymol does not significantly affect the color and opacity of the films. It is found that the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the films decreases from 10.6 to 6.3 MPa and from 436.9 to 209.8 MPa, respectively, and the elongation at break increased from 110.6% to 123.5% with the incorporation of 10 wt.% thymol into the films. Furthermore, the addition of thymol at higher concentrations (7 and 10 wt.%) improved the water vapor barrier of the films by approximately 60.0%, from 4.98 × 10<sup>—9</sup> to 2.01 × 10<sup>—9</sup> g/d.m.Pa. Starch/CNF/thymol bionanocomposite films are also found to exhibit antibacterial activity against <i>Escherichia coli</i>. In conclusion, the produced starch/CNF/thymol bionanocomposite films have the potential to be used as antibacterial food packaging materials.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/23/4060biopolymercorn starchfilmcellulose nanofibernanocompositethymol |
| spellingShingle | Siti Hajar Othman Bilguisse Mamadou Wane Norhazirah Nordin Noor Zafira Noor Hasnan Rosnita A. Talib Joko Nugroho Wahyu Karyadi Physical, Mechanical, and Water Vapor Barrier Properties of Starch/Cellulose Nanofiber/Thymol Bionanocomposite Films Polymers biopolymer corn starch film cellulose nanofiber nanocomposite thymol |
| title | Physical, Mechanical, and Water Vapor Barrier Properties of Starch/Cellulose Nanofiber/Thymol Bionanocomposite Films |
| title_full | Physical, Mechanical, and Water Vapor Barrier Properties of Starch/Cellulose Nanofiber/Thymol Bionanocomposite Films |
| title_fullStr | Physical, Mechanical, and Water Vapor Barrier Properties of Starch/Cellulose Nanofiber/Thymol Bionanocomposite Films |
| title_full_unstemmed | Physical, Mechanical, and Water Vapor Barrier Properties of Starch/Cellulose Nanofiber/Thymol Bionanocomposite Films |
| title_short | Physical, Mechanical, and Water Vapor Barrier Properties of Starch/Cellulose Nanofiber/Thymol Bionanocomposite Films |
| title_sort | physical mechanical and water vapor barrier properties of starch cellulose nanofiber thymol bionanocomposite films |
| topic | biopolymer corn starch film cellulose nanofiber nanocomposite thymol |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/23/4060 |
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