Fungal Laccases: Fundamentals, Engineering and Classification Update
Multicopper oxidases (MCOs) share a common catalytic mechanism of activation by oxygen and cupredoxin-like folding, along with some common structural determinants. Laccases constitute the largest group of MCOs, with fungal laccases having the greatest biotechnological applicability due to their supe...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Biomolecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/12/1716 |
| _version_ | 1797381934442086400 |
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| author | Pablo Aza Susana Camarero |
| author_facet | Pablo Aza Susana Camarero |
| author_sort | Pablo Aza |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Multicopper oxidases (MCOs) share a common catalytic mechanism of activation by oxygen and cupredoxin-like folding, along with some common structural determinants. Laccases constitute the largest group of MCOs, with fungal laccases having the greatest biotechnological applicability due to their superior ability to oxidize a wide range of aromatic compounds and lignin, which is enhanced in the presence of redox mediators. The adaptation of these versatile enzymes to specific application processes can be achieved through the directed evolution of the recombinant enzymes. On the other hand, their substrate versatility and the low sequence homology among laccases make their exact classification difficult. Many of the ever-increasing amounts of MCO entries from fungal genomes are automatically (and often wrongly) annotated as laccases. In a recent comparative genomic study of 52 basidiomycete fungi, MCO classification was revised based on their phylogeny. The enzymes clustered according to common structural motifs and theoretical activities, revealing three novel groups of laccase-like enzymes. This review provides an overview of the structure, catalytic activity, and oxidative mechanism of fungal laccases and how their biotechnological potential as biocatalysts in industry can be greatly enhanced by protein engineering. Finally, recent information on newly identified MCOs with laccase-like activity is included. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:58:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e7f3701de10a462a872cbbd246f41f3e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-273X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:58:14Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomolecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-e7f3701de10a462a872cbbd246f41f3e2023-12-22T13:55:53ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2023-11-011312171610.3390/biom13121716Fungal Laccases: Fundamentals, Engineering and Classification UpdatePablo Aza0Susana Camarero1Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, SpainMargarita Salas Center for Biological Research, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, SpainMulticopper oxidases (MCOs) share a common catalytic mechanism of activation by oxygen and cupredoxin-like folding, along with some common structural determinants. Laccases constitute the largest group of MCOs, with fungal laccases having the greatest biotechnological applicability due to their superior ability to oxidize a wide range of aromatic compounds and lignin, which is enhanced in the presence of redox mediators. The adaptation of these versatile enzymes to specific application processes can be achieved through the directed evolution of the recombinant enzymes. On the other hand, their substrate versatility and the low sequence homology among laccases make their exact classification difficult. Many of the ever-increasing amounts of MCO entries from fungal genomes are automatically (and often wrongly) annotated as laccases. In a recent comparative genomic study of 52 basidiomycete fungi, MCO classification was revised based on their phylogeny. The enzymes clustered according to common structural motifs and theoretical activities, revealing three novel groups of laccase-like enzymes. This review provides an overview of the structure, catalytic activity, and oxidative mechanism of fungal laccases and how their biotechnological potential as biocatalysts in industry can be greatly enhanced by protein engineering. Finally, recent information on newly identified MCOs with laccase-like activity is included.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/12/1716multicopper oxidaseslaccasesbasidiomycete fungicatalytic activityapplicationsdirected evolution |
| spellingShingle | Pablo Aza Susana Camarero Fungal Laccases: Fundamentals, Engineering and Classification Update Biomolecules multicopper oxidases laccases basidiomycete fungi catalytic activity applications directed evolution |
| title | Fungal Laccases: Fundamentals, Engineering and Classification Update |
| title_full | Fungal Laccases: Fundamentals, Engineering and Classification Update |
| title_fullStr | Fungal Laccases: Fundamentals, Engineering and Classification Update |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fungal Laccases: Fundamentals, Engineering and Classification Update |
| title_short | Fungal Laccases: Fundamentals, Engineering and Classification Update |
| title_sort | fungal laccases fundamentals engineering and classification update |
| topic | multicopper oxidases laccases basidiomycete fungi catalytic activity applications directed evolution |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/12/1716 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT pabloaza fungallaccasesfundamentalsengineeringandclassificationupdate AT susanacamarero fungallaccasesfundamentalsengineeringandclassificationupdate |