Profiling of Metabolomic Changes in Plasma and Urine of Pigs Caused by Illegal Administration of Testosterone Esters
The use of anabolic steroid hormones as growth promoters in feed for farm animals has been banned in the European Union since 1988 on the basis of Council Directive 96/22/EC. However, there is still ongoing monitoring and reporting of positive findings of these banned substances in EU countries. The...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-07-01
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| Series: | Metabolites |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/10/8/307 |
| _version_ | 1827712334062157824 |
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| author | Kamil Stastny Kristina Putecova Lenka Leva Milan Franek Petr Dvorak Martin Faldyna |
| author_facet | Kamil Stastny Kristina Putecova Lenka Leva Milan Franek Petr Dvorak Martin Faldyna |
| author_sort | Kamil Stastny |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The use of anabolic steroid hormones as growth promoters in feed for farm animals has been banned in the European Union since 1988 on the basis of Council Directive 96/22/EC. However, there is still ongoing monitoring and reporting of positive findings of these banned substances in EU countries. The aim of this work was to investigate the efficacy and discriminatory ability of metabolic fingerprinting after the administration of 17β-testosterone esters to pigs. Plasma and urine samples were chromatographically separated on a Hypersil Gold C18 column. High resolution mass spectrometry metabolomic fingerprints were analysed on a hybrid mass spectrometer Q-Exactive. Three independent multivariate statistical methods, namely principal component analysis, clustre analysis, and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis showed significant differences between the treated and control groups of pigs even 14 days after the administration of the hormonal drug. Plasma samples were also analysed by a conventional quantitative analysis using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and a pharmacokinetic curve was constructed based on the results. In this case, no testosterone residue was detected 14 days after the administration. The results clearly showed that a metabolomics approach can be a useful and effective tool for the detection and monitoring of banned anabolic steroids used illegally in pig fattening. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:11:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e7ff22db2e504b1f81bb093a5fa64794 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-1989 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:11:32Z |
| publishDate | 2020-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Metabolites |
| spelling | doaj.art-e7ff22db2e504b1f81bb093a5fa647942023-11-20T08:05:41ZengMDPI AGMetabolites2218-19892020-07-0110830710.3390/metabo10080307Profiling of Metabolomic Changes in Plasma and Urine of Pigs Caused by Illegal Administration of Testosterone EstersKamil Stastny0Kristina Putecova1Lenka Leva2Milan Franek3Petr Dvorak4Martin Faldyna5Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 62100 Brno, Czech RepublicVeterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 62100 Brno, Czech RepublicVeterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 62100 Brno, Czech RepublicVeterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 62100 Brno, Czech RepublicFaculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 61242 Brno, Czech RepublicVeterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 62100 Brno, Czech RepublicThe use of anabolic steroid hormones as growth promoters in feed for farm animals has been banned in the European Union since 1988 on the basis of Council Directive 96/22/EC. However, there is still ongoing monitoring and reporting of positive findings of these banned substances in EU countries. The aim of this work was to investigate the efficacy and discriminatory ability of metabolic fingerprinting after the administration of 17β-testosterone esters to pigs. Plasma and urine samples were chromatographically separated on a Hypersil Gold C18 column. High resolution mass spectrometry metabolomic fingerprints were analysed on a hybrid mass spectrometer Q-Exactive. Three independent multivariate statistical methods, namely principal component analysis, clustre analysis, and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis showed significant differences between the treated and control groups of pigs even 14 days after the administration of the hormonal drug. Plasma samples were also analysed by a conventional quantitative analysis using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and a pharmacokinetic curve was constructed based on the results. In this case, no testosterone residue was detected 14 days after the administration. The results clearly showed that a metabolomics approach can be a useful and effective tool for the detection and monitoring of banned anabolic steroids used illegally in pig fattening.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/10/8/307metabolomicanabolic practicestestosteroneplasmaurinepigs |
| spellingShingle | Kamil Stastny Kristina Putecova Lenka Leva Milan Franek Petr Dvorak Martin Faldyna Profiling of Metabolomic Changes in Plasma and Urine of Pigs Caused by Illegal Administration of Testosterone Esters Metabolites metabolomic anabolic practices testosterone plasma urine pigs |
| title | Profiling of Metabolomic Changes in Plasma and Urine of Pigs Caused by Illegal Administration of Testosterone Esters |
| title_full | Profiling of Metabolomic Changes in Plasma and Urine of Pigs Caused by Illegal Administration of Testosterone Esters |
| title_fullStr | Profiling of Metabolomic Changes in Plasma and Urine of Pigs Caused by Illegal Administration of Testosterone Esters |
| title_full_unstemmed | Profiling of Metabolomic Changes in Plasma and Urine of Pigs Caused by Illegal Administration of Testosterone Esters |
| title_short | Profiling of Metabolomic Changes in Plasma and Urine of Pigs Caused by Illegal Administration of Testosterone Esters |
| title_sort | profiling of metabolomic changes in plasma and urine of pigs caused by illegal administration of testosterone esters |
| topic | metabolomic anabolic practices testosterone plasma urine pigs |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/10/8/307 |
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