Effects of Thiamethoxam and Fenvalerate Residue Levels on Light-Stable Isotopes of Leafy Vegetables
Accurate identification of the rational and standardized use of pesticides is important for the sustainable development of agriculture while maintaining a high quality. The insecticides thiamethoxam and fenvalerate and the vegetables spinach, cabbage, and lettuce were used here as study objects. Des...
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MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/14/2655 |
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| author | Fang Qi Xing Liu Zhongsheng Deng Yangyang Lu Yijiao Chen Hao Geng Qicai Zhang Qinxiong Rao Weiguo Song |
| author_facet | Fang Qi Xing Liu Zhongsheng Deng Yangyang Lu Yijiao Chen Hao Geng Qicai Zhang Qinxiong Rao Weiguo Song |
| author_sort | Fang Qi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Accurate identification of the rational and standardized use of pesticides is important for the sustainable development of agriculture while maintaining a high quality. The insecticides thiamethoxam and fenvalerate and the vegetables spinach, cabbage, and lettuce were used here as study objects. Descriptive analysis and primary reaction kinetic equations were used to analyze the changes in metabolic residues of the two insecticides after different numbers of application in three vegetables. The effects of pesticide residue levels on the <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C, <i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N, <i>δ</i><sup>2</sup>H, and <i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O values of vegetables were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and correlation analysis. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was applied to build discrimination models of the vegetables with different pesticide residues based on stable isotopes. The results showed that the first degradation residues of thiamethoxam and fenvalerate in spinach, cabbage, and lettuce conformed to primary reaction kinetic equations, but the degradation half-lives were long, and accumulation occurred in the second application. The differences in the four stable isotope ratios in the control group of the three vegetables were statistically significant, and two-thirds of the stable isotope ratios in the three vegetables with different numbers of pesticide applications were significantly different. The <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C and <i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N values of spinach, the <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C, <i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N, and <i>δ</i><sup>2</sup>H values of cabbage, and the <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C, <i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N, <i>δ</i><sup>2</sup>H, and δ<sup>18</sup>O values of lettuce were significantly correlated with different residues of thiamethoxam and/or fenvalerate applications. The control groups of the three vegetables, spinach-thiamethoxam-first, spinach-thiamethoxam-second, cabbage-thiamethoxam-second, cabbage-fenvalerate-first, and lettuce-thiamethoxam-first, were fully identified by PLS-DA models, while the identification models of other vegetables containing pesticide residues still need to be further improved. The results provide technical support for identifying the rational use of pesticides in vegetables and provide a reference method for guaranteeing the authenticity of green and organic vegetables. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:05:04Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:05:04Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
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| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-e8140635ca9f43d591545069944f0c802023-11-18T19:19:25ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582023-07-011214265510.3390/foods12142655Effects of Thiamethoxam and Fenvalerate Residue Levels on Light-Stable Isotopes of Leafy VegetablesFang Qi0Xing Liu1Zhongsheng Deng2Yangyang Lu3Yijiao Chen4Hao Geng5Qicai Zhang6Qinxiong Rao7Weiguo Song8Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, ChinaInstitute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, ChinaInstitute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, ChinaInstitute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, ChinaInstitute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, ChinaInstitute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, ChinaInstitute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, ChinaInstitute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, ChinaInstitute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, ChinaAccurate identification of the rational and standardized use of pesticides is important for the sustainable development of agriculture while maintaining a high quality. The insecticides thiamethoxam and fenvalerate and the vegetables spinach, cabbage, and lettuce were used here as study objects. Descriptive analysis and primary reaction kinetic equations were used to analyze the changes in metabolic residues of the two insecticides after different numbers of application in three vegetables. The effects of pesticide residue levels on the <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C, <i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N, <i>δ</i><sup>2</sup>H, and <i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O values of vegetables were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and correlation analysis. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was applied to build discrimination models of the vegetables with different pesticide residues based on stable isotopes. The results showed that the first degradation residues of thiamethoxam and fenvalerate in spinach, cabbage, and lettuce conformed to primary reaction kinetic equations, but the degradation half-lives were long, and accumulation occurred in the second application. The differences in the four stable isotope ratios in the control group of the three vegetables were statistically significant, and two-thirds of the stable isotope ratios in the three vegetables with different numbers of pesticide applications were significantly different. The <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C and <i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N values of spinach, the <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C, <i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N, and <i>δ</i><sup>2</sup>H values of cabbage, and the <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C, <i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N, <i>δ</i><sup>2</sup>H, and δ<sup>18</sup>O values of lettuce were significantly correlated with different residues of thiamethoxam and/or fenvalerate applications. The control groups of the three vegetables, spinach-thiamethoxam-first, spinach-thiamethoxam-second, cabbage-thiamethoxam-second, cabbage-fenvalerate-first, and lettuce-thiamethoxam-first, were fully identified by PLS-DA models, while the identification models of other vegetables containing pesticide residues still need to be further improved. The results provide technical support for identifying the rational use of pesticides in vegetables and provide a reference method for guaranteeing the authenticity of green and organic vegetables.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/14/2655thiamethoxamfenvaleratespinachcabbagelettucelight-stable isotopes |
| spellingShingle | Fang Qi Xing Liu Zhongsheng Deng Yangyang Lu Yijiao Chen Hao Geng Qicai Zhang Qinxiong Rao Weiguo Song Effects of Thiamethoxam and Fenvalerate Residue Levels on Light-Stable Isotopes of Leafy Vegetables Foods thiamethoxam fenvalerate spinach cabbage lettuce light-stable isotopes |
| title | Effects of Thiamethoxam and Fenvalerate Residue Levels on Light-Stable Isotopes of Leafy Vegetables |
| title_full | Effects of Thiamethoxam and Fenvalerate Residue Levels on Light-Stable Isotopes of Leafy Vegetables |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Thiamethoxam and Fenvalerate Residue Levels on Light-Stable Isotopes of Leafy Vegetables |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Thiamethoxam and Fenvalerate Residue Levels on Light-Stable Isotopes of Leafy Vegetables |
| title_short | Effects of Thiamethoxam and Fenvalerate Residue Levels on Light-Stable Isotopes of Leafy Vegetables |
| title_sort | effects of thiamethoxam and fenvalerate residue levels on light stable isotopes of leafy vegetables |
| topic | thiamethoxam fenvalerate spinach cabbage lettuce light-stable isotopes |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/14/2655 |
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