The Effect of Protein Supplementation versus Carbohydrate Supplementation on Muscle Damage Markers and Soreness Following a 15-km Road Race: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial
We assessed whether a protein supplementation protocol could attenuate running-induced muscle soreness and other muscle damage markers compared to iso-caloric placebo supplementation. A double-blind randomized controlled trial was performed among 323 recreational runners (age 44 ± 11 years, 56% men)...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-03-01
|
| Series: | Nutrients |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/3/858 |
| _version_ | 1797413698923397120 |
|---|---|
| author | Dominique S. M. ten Haaf Martin A. Flipsen Astrid M. H. Horstman Hans Timmerman Monique A. H. Steegers Lisette C. P. G. M. de Groot Thijs M. H. Eijsvogels Maria T. E. Hopman |
| author_facet | Dominique S. M. ten Haaf Martin A. Flipsen Astrid M. H. Horstman Hans Timmerman Monique A. H. Steegers Lisette C. P. G. M. de Groot Thijs M. H. Eijsvogels Maria T. E. Hopman |
| author_sort | Dominique S. M. ten Haaf |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We assessed whether a protein supplementation protocol could attenuate running-induced muscle soreness and other muscle damage markers compared to iso-caloric placebo supplementation. A double-blind randomized controlled trial was performed among 323 recreational runners (age 44 ± 11 years, 56% men) participating in a 15-km road race. Participants received milk protein or carbohydrate supplementation, for three consecutive days post-race. Habitual protein intake was assessed using 24 h recalls. Race characteristics were determined and muscle soreness was assessed with the Brief Pain Inventory at baseline and 1–3 days post-race. In a subgroup (<i>n</i> = 149) muscle soreness was measured with a strain gauge algometer and creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentrations were measured. At baseline, no group-differences were observed for habitual protein intake (protein group: 79.9 ± 26.5 g/d versus placebo group: 82.0 ± 26.8 g/d, <i>p</i> = 0.49) and muscle soreness (protein: 0.45 ± 1.08 versus placebo: 0.44 ± 1.14, <i>p</i> = 0.96). Subjects completed the race with a running speed of 12 ± 2 km/h. With the Intention-to-Treat analysis no between-group differences were observed in reported muscle soreness. With the per-protocol analysis, however, the protein group reported higher muscle soreness 24 h post-race compared to the placebo group (2.96 ± 2.27 versus 2.46 ± 2.38, <i>p</i> = 0.039) and a lower pressure muscle pain threshold in the protein group compared to the placebo group (71.8 ± 30.0 N versus 83.9 ± 27.9 N, <i>p</i> = 0.019). No differences were found in concentrations of CK and LDH post-race between groups. Post-exercise protein supplementation is not more preferable than carbohydrate supplementation to reduce muscle soreness or other damage markers in recreational athletes with mostly a sufficient baseline protein intake running a 15-km road race. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:21:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e82cf8c404d44964b1f51b9f96776a02 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:21:43Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-e82cf8c404d44964b1f51b9f96776a022023-12-03T12:40:24ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432021-03-0113385810.3390/nu13030858The Effect of Protein Supplementation versus Carbohydrate Supplementation on Muscle Damage Markers and Soreness Following a 15-km Road Race: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled TrialDominique S. M. ten Haaf0Martin A. Flipsen1Astrid M. H. Horstman2Hans Timmerman3Monique A. H. Steegers4Lisette C. P. G. M. de Groot5Thijs M. H. Eijsvogels6Maria T. E. Hopman7Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 XZ Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 XZ Nijmegen, The NetherlandsFrieslandCampina, 3811 LP Amersfoort, The NetherlandsDepartment of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 XZ Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 XZ Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDivision of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 XZ Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 XZ Nijmegen, The NetherlandsWe assessed whether a protein supplementation protocol could attenuate running-induced muscle soreness and other muscle damage markers compared to iso-caloric placebo supplementation. A double-blind randomized controlled trial was performed among 323 recreational runners (age 44 ± 11 years, 56% men) participating in a 15-km road race. Participants received milk protein or carbohydrate supplementation, for three consecutive days post-race. Habitual protein intake was assessed using 24 h recalls. Race characteristics were determined and muscle soreness was assessed with the Brief Pain Inventory at baseline and 1–3 days post-race. In a subgroup (<i>n</i> = 149) muscle soreness was measured with a strain gauge algometer and creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentrations were measured. At baseline, no group-differences were observed for habitual protein intake (protein group: 79.9 ± 26.5 g/d versus placebo group: 82.0 ± 26.8 g/d, <i>p</i> = 0.49) and muscle soreness (protein: 0.45 ± 1.08 versus placebo: 0.44 ± 1.14, <i>p</i> = 0.96). Subjects completed the race with a running speed of 12 ± 2 km/h. With the Intention-to-Treat analysis no between-group differences were observed in reported muscle soreness. With the per-protocol analysis, however, the protein group reported higher muscle soreness 24 h post-race compared to the placebo group (2.96 ± 2.27 versus 2.46 ± 2.38, <i>p</i> = 0.039) and a lower pressure muscle pain threshold in the protein group compared to the placebo group (71.8 ± 30.0 N versus 83.9 ± 27.9 N, <i>p</i> = 0.019). No differences were found in concentrations of CK and LDH post-race between groups. Post-exercise protein supplementation is not more preferable than carbohydrate supplementation to reduce muscle soreness or other damage markers in recreational athletes with mostly a sufficient baseline protein intake running a 15-km road race.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/3/858milk proteinendurance exercisemuscle recoverydelayed onset of muscle soreness |
| spellingShingle | Dominique S. M. ten Haaf Martin A. Flipsen Astrid M. H. Horstman Hans Timmerman Monique A. H. Steegers Lisette C. P. G. M. de Groot Thijs M. H. Eijsvogels Maria T. E. Hopman The Effect of Protein Supplementation versus Carbohydrate Supplementation on Muscle Damage Markers and Soreness Following a 15-km Road Race: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial Nutrients milk protein endurance exercise muscle recovery delayed onset of muscle soreness |
| title | The Effect of Protein Supplementation versus Carbohydrate Supplementation on Muscle Damage Markers and Soreness Following a 15-km Road Race: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial |
| title_full | The Effect of Protein Supplementation versus Carbohydrate Supplementation on Muscle Damage Markers and Soreness Following a 15-km Road Race: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial |
| title_fullStr | The Effect of Protein Supplementation versus Carbohydrate Supplementation on Muscle Damage Markers and Soreness Following a 15-km Road Race: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effect of Protein Supplementation versus Carbohydrate Supplementation on Muscle Damage Markers and Soreness Following a 15-km Road Race: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial |
| title_short | The Effect of Protein Supplementation versus Carbohydrate Supplementation on Muscle Damage Markers and Soreness Following a 15-km Road Race: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial |
| title_sort | effect of protein supplementation versus carbohydrate supplementation on muscle damage markers and soreness following a 15 km road race a double blind randomized controlled trial |
| topic | milk protein endurance exercise muscle recovery delayed onset of muscle soreness |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/3/858 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dominiquesmtenhaaf theeffectofproteinsupplementationversuscarbohydratesupplementationonmuscledamagemarkersandsorenessfollowinga15kmroadraceadoubleblindrandomizedcontrolledtrial AT martinaflipsen theeffectofproteinsupplementationversuscarbohydratesupplementationonmuscledamagemarkersandsorenessfollowinga15kmroadraceadoubleblindrandomizedcontrolledtrial AT astridmhhorstman theeffectofproteinsupplementationversuscarbohydratesupplementationonmuscledamagemarkersandsorenessfollowinga15kmroadraceadoubleblindrandomizedcontrolledtrial AT hanstimmerman theeffectofproteinsupplementationversuscarbohydratesupplementationonmuscledamagemarkersandsorenessfollowinga15kmroadraceadoubleblindrandomizedcontrolledtrial AT moniqueahsteegers theeffectofproteinsupplementationversuscarbohydratesupplementationonmuscledamagemarkersandsorenessfollowinga15kmroadraceadoubleblindrandomizedcontrolledtrial AT lisettecpgmdegroot theeffectofproteinsupplementationversuscarbohydratesupplementationonmuscledamagemarkersandsorenessfollowinga15kmroadraceadoubleblindrandomizedcontrolledtrial AT thijsmheijsvogels theeffectofproteinsupplementationversuscarbohydratesupplementationonmuscledamagemarkersandsorenessfollowinga15kmroadraceadoubleblindrandomizedcontrolledtrial AT mariatehopman theeffectofproteinsupplementationversuscarbohydratesupplementationonmuscledamagemarkersandsorenessfollowinga15kmroadraceadoubleblindrandomizedcontrolledtrial AT dominiquesmtenhaaf effectofproteinsupplementationversuscarbohydratesupplementationonmuscledamagemarkersandsorenessfollowinga15kmroadraceadoubleblindrandomizedcontrolledtrial AT martinaflipsen effectofproteinsupplementationversuscarbohydratesupplementationonmuscledamagemarkersandsorenessfollowinga15kmroadraceadoubleblindrandomizedcontrolledtrial AT astridmhhorstman effectofproteinsupplementationversuscarbohydratesupplementationonmuscledamagemarkersandsorenessfollowinga15kmroadraceadoubleblindrandomizedcontrolledtrial AT hanstimmerman effectofproteinsupplementationversuscarbohydratesupplementationonmuscledamagemarkersandsorenessfollowinga15kmroadraceadoubleblindrandomizedcontrolledtrial AT moniqueahsteegers effectofproteinsupplementationversuscarbohydratesupplementationonmuscledamagemarkersandsorenessfollowinga15kmroadraceadoubleblindrandomizedcontrolledtrial AT lisettecpgmdegroot effectofproteinsupplementationversuscarbohydratesupplementationonmuscledamagemarkersandsorenessfollowinga15kmroadraceadoubleblindrandomizedcontrolledtrial AT thijsmheijsvogels effectofproteinsupplementationversuscarbohydratesupplementationonmuscledamagemarkersandsorenessfollowinga15kmroadraceadoubleblindrandomizedcontrolledtrial AT mariatehopman effectofproteinsupplementationversuscarbohydratesupplementationonmuscledamagemarkersandsorenessfollowinga15kmroadraceadoubleblindrandomizedcontrolledtrial |