Validity of the Maximal Heart Rate Prediction Models among Runners and Cyclists
Maximal heart rate (HRmax) is a widely used measure of cardiorespiratory fitness. Prediction of HRmax is an alternative to cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), but its accuracy among endurance athletes (EA) requires evaluation. This study aimed to externally validate HRmax prediction models in t...
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/8/2884 |
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| author | Przemysław Seweryn Kasiak Szczepan Wiecha Igor Cieśliński Tim Takken Jacek Lach Marcin Lewandowski Marcin Barylski Artur Mamcarz Daniel Śliż |
| author_facet | Przemysław Seweryn Kasiak Szczepan Wiecha Igor Cieśliński Tim Takken Jacek Lach Marcin Lewandowski Marcin Barylski Artur Mamcarz Daniel Śliż |
| author_sort | Przemysław Seweryn Kasiak |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Maximal heart rate (HRmax) is a widely used measure of cardiorespiratory fitness. Prediction of HRmax is an alternative to cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), but its accuracy among endurance athletes (EA) requires evaluation. This study aimed to externally validate HRmax prediction models in the EA independently for running and cycling CPET. A total of 4043 runners (age = 33.6 (8.1) years; 83.5% males; BMI = 23.7 (2.5) kg·m<sup>−2</sup>) and 1026 cyclists (age = 36.9 (9.0) years; 89.7% males; BMI = 24.0 (2.7) kg·m<sup>−2</sup>) underwent maximum CPET. Student <i>t</i>-test, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and root mean square error (RMSE) were applied to validate eight running and five cycling HRmax equations externally. HRmax was 184.6 (9.8) beats·min<sup>−1</sup> and 182.7 (10.3) beats·min<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, for running and cycling, <i>p</i> = 0.001. Measured and predicted HRmax differed significantly (<i>p</i> = 0.001) for 9 of 13 (69.2%) models. HRmax was overestimated by eight (61.5%) and underestimated by five (38.5%) formulae. Overestimated HRmax amounted to 4.9 beats·min<sup>−1</sup> and underestimated HRmax was in the range up to 4.9 beats·min<sup>−1</sup>. RMSE was 9.1–10.5. MAPE ranged to 4.7%. Prediction models allow for limited precision of HRmax estimation and present inaccuracies. HRmax was more often underestimated than overestimated. Predicted HRmax can be implemented for EA as a supplemental method, but CPET is the preferable method. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:54:32Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0383 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:54:32Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-e839014bf9a94bbfaa9086f695ef78422023-11-17T19:49:46ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832023-04-01128288410.3390/jcm12082884Validity of the Maximal Heart Rate Prediction Models among Runners and CyclistsPrzemysław Seweryn Kasiak0Szczepan Wiecha1Igor Cieśliński2Tim Takken3Jacek Lach4Marcin Lewandowski5Marcin Barylski6Artur Mamcarz7Daniel Śliż83rd Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 04-749 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Physical Education and Health, Faculty in Biala Podlaska, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 21-500 Biala Podlaska, PolandDepartment of Physical Education and Health, Faculty in Biala Podlaska, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 21-500 Biala Podlaska, PolandDepartment of Medical Physiology, Child Development & Exercise Center, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, UMC Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands3rd Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 04-749 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, 01-938 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Internal Medicine and Cardiac Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Łódź, Poland3rd Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 04-749 Warsaw, Poland3rd Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 04-749 Warsaw, PolandMaximal heart rate (HRmax) is a widely used measure of cardiorespiratory fitness. Prediction of HRmax is an alternative to cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), but its accuracy among endurance athletes (EA) requires evaluation. This study aimed to externally validate HRmax prediction models in the EA independently for running and cycling CPET. A total of 4043 runners (age = 33.6 (8.1) years; 83.5% males; BMI = 23.7 (2.5) kg·m<sup>−2</sup>) and 1026 cyclists (age = 36.9 (9.0) years; 89.7% males; BMI = 24.0 (2.7) kg·m<sup>−2</sup>) underwent maximum CPET. Student <i>t</i>-test, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and root mean square error (RMSE) were applied to validate eight running and five cycling HRmax equations externally. HRmax was 184.6 (9.8) beats·min<sup>−1</sup> and 182.7 (10.3) beats·min<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, for running and cycling, <i>p</i> = 0.001. Measured and predicted HRmax differed significantly (<i>p</i> = 0.001) for 9 of 13 (69.2%) models. HRmax was overestimated by eight (61.5%) and underestimated by five (38.5%) formulae. Overestimated HRmax amounted to 4.9 beats·min<sup>−1</sup> and underestimated HRmax was in the range up to 4.9 beats·min<sup>−1</sup>. RMSE was 9.1–10.5. MAPE ranged to 4.7%. Prediction models allow for limited precision of HRmax estimation and present inaccuracies. HRmax was more often underestimated than overestimated. Predicted HRmax can be implemented for EA as a supplemental method, but CPET is the preferable method.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/8/2884maximal heart rateendurance athletescardiopulmonary exercise testexercise physiologyprediction modelsendurance performance |
| spellingShingle | Przemysław Seweryn Kasiak Szczepan Wiecha Igor Cieśliński Tim Takken Jacek Lach Marcin Lewandowski Marcin Barylski Artur Mamcarz Daniel Śliż Validity of the Maximal Heart Rate Prediction Models among Runners and Cyclists Journal of Clinical Medicine maximal heart rate endurance athletes cardiopulmonary exercise test exercise physiology prediction models endurance performance |
| title | Validity of the Maximal Heart Rate Prediction Models among Runners and Cyclists |
| title_full | Validity of the Maximal Heart Rate Prediction Models among Runners and Cyclists |
| title_fullStr | Validity of the Maximal Heart Rate Prediction Models among Runners and Cyclists |
| title_full_unstemmed | Validity of the Maximal Heart Rate Prediction Models among Runners and Cyclists |
| title_short | Validity of the Maximal Heart Rate Prediction Models among Runners and Cyclists |
| title_sort | validity of the maximal heart rate prediction models among runners and cyclists |
| topic | maximal heart rate endurance athletes cardiopulmonary exercise test exercise physiology prediction models endurance performance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/8/2884 |
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