Nomograms confirm serum IL-6 and CRP as predictors of immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
BackgroundImmunotherapy based on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has become the first-line treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC). However, only a small portion of patients are responsive to ICIs. It is important to identify the patients who are likely to benefit from ICIs in...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1329634/full |
| _version_ | 1797352592705060864 |
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| author | Jiajia Du Zhiyong Huang Erlei Zhang |
| author_facet | Jiajia Du Zhiyong Huang Erlei Zhang |
| author_sort | Jiajia Du |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundImmunotherapy based on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has become the first-line treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC). However, only a small portion of patients are responsive to ICIs. It is important to identify the patients who are likely to benefit from ICIs in clinical practice. We aimed to examine the significance of serum IL-6 and CRP levels in predicting the effectiveness of ICIs for uHCC.MethodsWe retrospectively recruited 222 uHCC patients who received ICIs treatment (training cohort: 124 patients, validation cohort: 98 patients). In the training cohort, patients are categorized into the response group (R) and no-response group (NR). The levels of serum IL-6 and CRP were compared between the two groups. Internal validation was performed in the validation cohort. Survival analysis was carried out using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard regression model. The nomograms were developed and assessed using the consistency index (C-index) and calibration curve.ResultsSerum levels of IL-6 and CRP were significantly lower in the R group than in the NR group (9.94 vs. 36.85 pg/ml, p< 0.001; 9.90 vs. 24.50 mg/L, p< 0.001, respectively). An ROC curve was employed to identify the optimal cut-off values for IL-6 and CRP in both groups, resulting in values of 19.82 pg/ml and 15.50 mg/L, respectively. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that MVI (HR 1.751, 95%CI 1.059-2.894, p=0.029; HR 1.530, 95%CI 0.955-2.451, p=0.077), elevated IL-6 (HR 1.624, 95%CI 1.016-2.596, p=0.043; HR 2.146, 95%CI 1.361-3.383, p =0.001) and high CRP (HR 1.709, 95%CI 1.041-2.807, p=0.034; HR 1.846, 95%CI 1.128-3.022, p = 0.015) were independent risk factors for PFS and OS, even after various confounders adjustments. Nomograms are well-structured and validated prognostic maps constructed from three variables, as MVI, IL6 and CRP.ConclusionLow levels of IL-6 and CRP have a positive correlation with efficacy for uHCC patients receiving ICIs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T13:17:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e841ecc6bd004566bb9a944460cddbe6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T13:17:51Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-e841ecc6bd004566bb9a944460cddbe62024-01-18T04:42:14ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242024-01-011510.3389/fimmu.2024.13296341329634Nomograms confirm serum IL-6 and CRP as predictors of immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinomaJiajia DuZhiyong HuangErlei ZhangBackgroundImmunotherapy based on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has become the first-line treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC). However, only a small portion of patients are responsive to ICIs. It is important to identify the patients who are likely to benefit from ICIs in clinical practice. We aimed to examine the significance of serum IL-6 and CRP levels in predicting the effectiveness of ICIs for uHCC.MethodsWe retrospectively recruited 222 uHCC patients who received ICIs treatment (training cohort: 124 patients, validation cohort: 98 patients). In the training cohort, patients are categorized into the response group (R) and no-response group (NR). The levels of serum IL-6 and CRP were compared between the two groups. Internal validation was performed in the validation cohort. Survival analysis was carried out using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard regression model. The nomograms were developed and assessed using the consistency index (C-index) and calibration curve.ResultsSerum levels of IL-6 and CRP were significantly lower in the R group than in the NR group (9.94 vs. 36.85 pg/ml, p< 0.001; 9.90 vs. 24.50 mg/L, p< 0.001, respectively). An ROC curve was employed to identify the optimal cut-off values for IL-6 and CRP in both groups, resulting in values of 19.82 pg/ml and 15.50 mg/L, respectively. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that MVI (HR 1.751, 95%CI 1.059-2.894, p=0.029; HR 1.530, 95%CI 0.955-2.451, p=0.077), elevated IL-6 (HR 1.624, 95%CI 1.016-2.596, p=0.043; HR 2.146, 95%CI 1.361-3.383, p =0.001) and high CRP (HR 1.709, 95%CI 1.041-2.807, p=0.034; HR 1.846, 95%CI 1.128-3.022, p = 0.015) were independent risk factors for PFS and OS, even after various confounders adjustments. Nomograms are well-structured and validated prognostic maps constructed from three variables, as MVI, IL6 and CRP.ConclusionLow levels of IL-6 and CRP have a positive correlation with efficacy for uHCC patients receiving ICIs.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1329634/fullIL-6CRPHCCICIsprognosis |
| spellingShingle | Jiajia Du Zhiyong Huang Erlei Zhang Nomograms confirm serum IL-6 and CRP as predictors of immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma Frontiers in Immunology IL-6 CRP HCC ICIs prognosis |
| title | Nomograms confirm serum IL-6 and CRP as predictors of immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma |
| title_full | Nomograms confirm serum IL-6 and CRP as predictors of immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma |
| title_fullStr | Nomograms confirm serum IL-6 and CRP as predictors of immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nomograms confirm serum IL-6 and CRP as predictors of immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma |
| title_short | Nomograms confirm serum IL-6 and CRP as predictors of immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma |
| title_sort | nomograms confirm serum il 6 and crp as predictors of immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma |
| topic | IL-6 CRP HCC ICIs prognosis |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1329634/full |
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