Hepatic encephalopathy: A review
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a complication that presents in as many as 28% of patients with cirrhosis, and reported up to ten years after the diagnosis of cirrhosis. Commonly, it is observed in patients with severe hepatic failure and is characterized by neuropsychiatric manifestations that can r...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2003-07-01
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| Series: | Annals of Hepatology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1665268119321374 |
| _version_ | 1818642992388374528 |
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| author | Javier Lizardi-Cervera, MD Paloma Almeda, MD Luis Guevara, MD Misael Uribe, MD |
| author_facet | Javier Lizardi-Cervera, MD Paloma Almeda, MD Luis Guevara, MD Misael Uribe, MD |
| author_sort | Javier Lizardi-Cervera, MD |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a complication that presents in as many as 28% of patients with cirrhosis, and reported up to ten years after the diagnosis of cirrhosis. Commonly, it is observed in patients with severe hepatic failure and is characterized by neuropsychiatric manifestations that can range in severity from a mild alteration in mental state to a coma; additionally, some neuromuscular symptoms can be observed. This complication of either acute or chronic hepatic disease is the result of a diminished hepatic reservoir and inability to detoxify some toxins that originate in the bowel. Today, the role of astrocytes, specifically the Alzheimer type II cells, is known to be very important in the pathogenesis of the hepatic encephalopathy, and will be reviewed later.In conclusion, the objectives of this review are:• To understand the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy• To recognize the precipitating factors, as well as preventive measures for the development of the hepatic encephalopathy• To describe the new classification of hepatic encephalopathy and its clinical implications• To recognize the clinical manifestations and stages of the disease• To understand the main diagnostic tests used to detect the hepatic encephalopathy• To describe the main therapeutic treatments of hepatic encephalopathy |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-16T23:51:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e86d1ff191b84f2daf1c2971b743e9fc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1665-2681 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-16T23:51:52Z |
| publishDate | 2003-07-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Annals of Hepatology |
| spelling | doaj.art-e86d1ff191b84f2daf1c2971b743e9fc2022-12-21T22:11:18ZengElsevierAnnals of Hepatology1665-26812003-07-0123122130Hepatic encephalopathy: A reviewJavier Lizardi-Cervera, MD0Paloma Almeda, MD1Luis Guevara, MD2Misael Uribe, MD3Department of Gastroenterology and Liver Unit Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation. Mexico City, MexicoDepartment of Gastroenterology and Liver Unit Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation. Mexico City, MexicoDepartment of Gastroenterology and Liver Unit Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation. Mexico City, MexicoAddress for correspondence:; Department of Gastroenterology and Liver Unit Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation. Mexico City, MexicoHepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a complication that presents in as many as 28% of patients with cirrhosis, and reported up to ten years after the diagnosis of cirrhosis. Commonly, it is observed in patients with severe hepatic failure and is characterized by neuropsychiatric manifestations that can range in severity from a mild alteration in mental state to a coma; additionally, some neuromuscular symptoms can be observed. This complication of either acute or chronic hepatic disease is the result of a diminished hepatic reservoir and inability to detoxify some toxins that originate in the bowel. Today, the role of astrocytes, specifically the Alzheimer type II cells, is known to be very important in the pathogenesis of the hepatic encephalopathy, and will be reviewed later.In conclusion, the objectives of this review are:• To understand the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy• To recognize the precipitating factors, as well as preventive measures for the development of the hepatic encephalopathy• To describe the new classification of hepatic encephalopathy and its clinical implications• To recognize the clinical manifestations and stages of the disease• To understand the main diagnostic tests used to detect the hepatic encephalopathy• To describe the main therapeutic treatments of hepatic encephalopathyhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1665268119321374Hepatic failureencephalopathyneurological alterationastrocytesammonium |
| spellingShingle | Javier Lizardi-Cervera, MD Paloma Almeda, MD Luis Guevara, MD Misael Uribe, MD Hepatic encephalopathy: A review Annals of Hepatology Hepatic failure encephalopathy neurological alteration astrocytes ammonium |
| title | Hepatic encephalopathy: A review |
| title_full | Hepatic encephalopathy: A review |
| title_fullStr | Hepatic encephalopathy: A review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hepatic encephalopathy: A review |
| title_short | Hepatic encephalopathy: A review |
| title_sort | hepatic encephalopathy a review |
| topic | Hepatic failure encephalopathy neurological alteration astrocytes ammonium |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1665268119321374 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT javierlizardicerveramd hepaticencephalopathyareview AT palomaalmedamd hepaticencephalopathyareview AT luisguevaramd hepaticencephalopathyareview AT misaeluribemd hepaticencephalopathyareview |