Human Anelloviruses: Influence of Demographic Factors, Recombination, and Worldwide Diversity
ABSTRACT Anelloviruses represent the major and most diverse component of the healthy human virome, referred to as the anellome. In this study, we determined the anellome of 50 blood donors, forming two sex- and age-matched groups. Anelloviruses were detected in 86% of the donors. The number of detec...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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American Society for Microbiology
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Microbiology Spectrum |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/spectrum.04928-22 |
| _version_ | 1797803429045731328 |
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| author | María Cebriá-Mendoza Beatriz Beamud Iván Andreu-Moreno Cristina Arbona Luís Larrea Wladimiro Díaz Rafael Sanjuán José M. Cuevas |
| author_facet | María Cebriá-Mendoza Beatriz Beamud Iván Andreu-Moreno Cristina Arbona Luís Larrea Wladimiro Díaz Rafael Sanjuán José M. Cuevas |
| author_sort | María Cebriá-Mendoza |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | ABSTRACT Anelloviruses represent the major and most diverse component of the healthy human virome, referred to as the anellome. In this study, we determined the anellome of 50 blood donors, forming two sex- and age-matched groups. Anelloviruses were detected in 86% of the donors. The number of detected anelloviruses increased with age and was approximately twice as high in men as in women. A total of 349 complete or nearly complete genomes were classified as belonging to torque teno virus (TTV), torque teno mini virus (TTMV), and torque teno midi virus (TTMDV) anellovirus genera (197, 88, and 64 sequences, respectively). Most donors had intergenus (69.8%) or intragenus (72.1%) coinfections. Despite the limited number of sequences, intradonor recombination analysis showed 6 intragenus recombination events in ORF1. As thousands of anellovirus sequences have been described recently, we finally analyzed the global diversity of human anelloviruses. Species richness and diversity were close to saturation in each anellovirus genus. Recombination was found to be the main factor promoting diversity, although its effect was significantly lower in TTV than in TTMV and TTMDV. Overall, our results suggest that differences in diversity between genera may be caused by variations in the relative contribution of recombination. IMPORTANCE Anelloviruses are the most common human infectious viruses and are considered essentially harmless. Compared to other human viruses, they are characterized by enormous diversity, and recombination is suggested to play an important role in their diversification and evolution. Here, by analyzing the composition of the plasma anellome of 50 blood donors, we find that recombination is also a determinant of viral evolution at the intradonor level. On a larger scale, analysis of anellovirus sequences currently available in databases shows that their diversity is close to saturation and differs among the three human anellovirus genera and that recombination is the main factor explaining this intergenus variability. Global characterization of anellovirus diversity could provide clues about possible associations between certain virus variants and pathologies, as well as facilitate the implementation of unbiased PCR-based detection protocols, which may be relevant for using anelloviruses as endogenous markers of immune status. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-13T05:21:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e86fe0e9f824472f932e3dfe10101d4d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2165-0497 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-13T05:21:47Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | American Society for Microbiology |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microbiology Spectrum |
| spelling | doaj.art-e86fe0e9f824472f932e3dfe10101d4d2023-06-15T13:18:31ZengAmerican Society for MicrobiologyMicrobiology Spectrum2165-04972023-06-0111310.1128/spectrum.04928-22Human Anelloviruses: Influence of Demographic Factors, Recombination, and Worldwide DiversityMaría Cebriá-Mendoza0Beatriz Beamud1Iván Andreu-Moreno2Cristina Arbona3Luís Larrea4Wladimiro Díaz5Rafael Sanjuán6José M. Cuevas7Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Valencia, SpainInstitute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Valencia, SpainInstitute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Valencia, SpainCentro de Transfusión de la Comunidad Valenciana, Valencia, SpainCentro de Transfusión de la Comunidad Valenciana, Valencia, SpainInstitute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Valencia, SpainInstitute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Valencia, SpainInstitute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Valencia, SpainABSTRACT Anelloviruses represent the major and most diverse component of the healthy human virome, referred to as the anellome. In this study, we determined the anellome of 50 blood donors, forming two sex- and age-matched groups. Anelloviruses were detected in 86% of the donors. The number of detected anelloviruses increased with age and was approximately twice as high in men as in women. A total of 349 complete or nearly complete genomes were classified as belonging to torque teno virus (TTV), torque teno mini virus (TTMV), and torque teno midi virus (TTMDV) anellovirus genera (197, 88, and 64 sequences, respectively). Most donors had intergenus (69.8%) or intragenus (72.1%) coinfections. Despite the limited number of sequences, intradonor recombination analysis showed 6 intragenus recombination events in ORF1. As thousands of anellovirus sequences have been described recently, we finally analyzed the global diversity of human anelloviruses. Species richness and diversity were close to saturation in each anellovirus genus. Recombination was found to be the main factor promoting diversity, although its effect was significantly lower in TTV than in TTMV and TTMDV. Overall, our results suggest that differences in diversity between genera may be caused by variations in the relative contribution of recombination. IMPORTANCE Anelloviruses are the most common human infectious viruses and are considered essentially harmless. Compared to other human viruses, they are characterized by enormous diversity, and recombination is suggested to play an important role in their diversification and evolution. Here, by analyzing the composition of the plasma anellome of 50 blood donors, we find that recombination is also a determinant of viral evolution at the intradonor level. On a larger scale, analysis of anellovirus sequences currently available in databases shows that their diversity is close to saturation and differs among the three human anellovirus genera and that recombination is the main factor explaining this intergenus variability. Global characterization of anellovirus diversity could provide clues about possible associations between certain virus variants and pathologies, as well as facilitate the implementation of unbiased PCR-based detection protocols, which may be relevant for using anelloviruses as endogenous markers of immune status.https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/spectrum.04928-22anellovirusblood anellomerecombinationmetagenomicsvirome |
| spellingShingle | María Cebriá-Mendoza Beatriz Beamud Iván Andreu-Moreno Cristina Arbona Luís Larrea Wladimiro Díaz Rafael Sanjuán José M. Cuevas Human Anelloviruses: Influence of Demographic Factors, Recombination, and Worldwide Diversity Microbiology Spectrum anellovirus blood anellome recombination metagenomics virome |
| title | Human Anelloviruses: Influence of Demographic Factors, Recombination, and Worldwide Diversity |
| title_full | Human Anelloviruses: Influence of Demographic Factors, Recombination, and Worldwide Diversity |
| title_fullStr | Human Anelloviruses: Influence of Demographic Factors, Recombination, and Worldwide Diversity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Human Anelloviruses: Influence of Demographic Factors, Recombination, and Worldwide Diversity |
| title_short | Human Anelloviruses: Influence of Demographic Factors, Recombination, and Worldwide Diversity |
| title_sort | human anelloviruses influence of demographic factors recombination and worldwide diversity |
| topic | anellovirus blood anellome recombination metagenomics virome |
| url | https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/spectrum.04928-22 |
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