Comparative Study of the Aftereffect of CO<sub>2</sub> Inhalation or Tiletamine–Zolazepam–Xylazine Anesthesia on Laboratory Outbred Rats and Mice
CO<sub>2</sub> inhalation is currently the most common method of euthanasia for laboratory rats and mice, and it is often used for further terminal blood sampling for clinical biochemical assays. Lately, this method has been criticized due to animal welfare issues associated with some pr...
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Series: | Biomedicines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/2/512 |
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| author | Oksana N. Khokhlova Natalya A. Borozdina Elena S. Sadovnikova Irina A. Pakhomova Pavel A. Rudenko Yuliya V. Korolkova Sergey A. Kozlov Igor A. Dyachenko |
| author_facet | Oksana N. Khokhlova Natalya A. Borozdina Elena S. Sadovnikova Irina A. Pakhomova Pavel A. Rudenko Yuliya V. Korolkova Sergey A. Kozlov Igor A. Dyachenko |
| author_sort | Oksana N. Khokhlova |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | CO<sub>2</sub> inhalation is currently the most common method of euthanasia for laboratory rats and mice, and it is often used for further terminal blood sampling for clinical biochemical assays. Lately, this method has been criticized due to animal welfare issues associated with some processes that develop after CO<sub>2</sub> inhalation. The stress reaction and the value of the clinical laboratory parameters significantly depend on the used anesthetics, method, and the site of blood sampling. Especially in small rodents, an acute terminal state followed by a cascade of metabolic reactions that can affect the studied biochemical profile may develop and cause unnecessary suffering of animals. The aim of this study was to compare the stability of biochemical parameters of outbred Sprague Dawley rats and CD-1 mice serum collected after CO<sub>2</sub> inhalation or the intramuscular injection of tiletamine–zolazepam–xylazine (TZX). The serum content of total protein and albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotr ansferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, and creatinine was decreased by the injection of TZX in comparison with CO<sub>2</sub> inhalation. In addition, the levels of calcium, phosphates, chlorides and potassium were lowered by TZX vs. CO<sub>2</sub> administration, while the level of sodium increased. Finally, the level of the majority of serum clinical biochemical parameters in rats and mice tend to be overestimated after CO<sub>2</sub> inhalation, which may lead to masking the possible effect of anti-inflammatory drugs in animal tests. Injection anesthesia for small rodents with TZX is a more feasible method for terminal blood sampling, which also reduces the suffering of animals. |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:31:23Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
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| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj.art-e8781901d2f44bbe8a9ce334e10510732023-11-23T18:56:45ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592022-02-0110251210.3390/biomedicines10020512Comparative Study of the Aftereffect of CO<sub>2</sub> Inhalation or Tiletamine–Zolazepam–Xylazine Anesthesia on Laboratory Outbred Rats and MiceOksana N. Khokhlova0Natalya A. Borozdina1Elena S. Sadovnikova2Irina A. Pakhomova3Pavel A. Rudenko4Yuliya V. Korolkova5Sergey A. Kozlov6Igor A. Dyachenko7Biological Testing Laboratory, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (BIBCh RAS), 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, RussiaBiological Testing Laboratory, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (BIBCh RAS), 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, RussiaBiological Testing Laboratory, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (BIBCh RAS), 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, RussiaBiological Testing Laboratory, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (BIBCh RAS), 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, RussiaBiological Testing Laboratory, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (BIBCh RAS), 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, RussiaDepartment of Molecular Neurobiology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (IBCh RAS), 16/10 Miklukho-Maklay Str., 117997 Moscow, RussiaDepartment of Molecular Neurobiology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (IBCh RAS), 16/10 Miklukho-Maklay Str., 117997 Moscow, RussiaBiological Testing Laboratory, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (BIBCh RAS), 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, RussiaCO<sub>2</sub> inhalation is currently the most common method of euthanasia for laboratory rats and mice, and it is often used for further terminal blood sampling for clinical biochemical assays. Lately, this method has been criticized due to animal welfare issues associated with some processes that develop after CO<sub>2</sub> inhalation. The stress reaction and the value of the clinical laboratory parameters significantly depend on the used anesthetics, method, and the site of blood sampling. Especially in small rodents, an acute terminal state followed by a cascade of metabolic reactions that can affect the studied biochemical profile may develop and cause unnecessary suffering of animals. The aim of this study was to compare the stability of biochemical parameters of outbred Sprague Dawley rats and CD-1 mice serum collected after CO<sub>2</sub> inhalation or the intramuscular injection of tiletamine–zolazepam–xylazine (TZX). The serum content of total protein and albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotr ansferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, and creatinine was decreased by the injection of TZX in comparison with CO<sub>2</sub> inhalation. In addition, the levels of calcium, phosphates, chlorides and potassium were lowered by TZX vs. CO<sub>2</sub> administration, while the level of sodium increased. Finally, the level of the majority of serum clinical biochemical parameters in rats and mice tend to be overestimated after CO<sub>2</sub> inhalation, which may lead to masking the possible effect of anti-inflammatory drugs in animal tests. Injection anesthesia for small rodents with TZX is a more feasible method for terminal blood sampling, which also reduces the suffering of animals.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/2/512laboratory rodentsSprague Dawley ratsCD-1 miceserum biochemistryanimal care and protection |
| spellingShingle | Oksana N. Khokhlova Natalya A. Borozdina Elena S. Sadovnikova Irina A. Pakhomova Pavel A. Rudenko Yuliya V. Korolkova Sergey A. Kozlov Igor A. Dyachenko Comparative Study of the Aftereffect of CO<sub>2</sub> Inhalation or Tiletamine–Zolazepam–Xylazine Anesthesia on Laboratory Outbred Rats and Mice Biomedicines laboratory rodents Sprague Dawley rats CD-1 mice serum biochemistry animal care and protection |
| title | Comparative Study of the Aftereffect of CO<sub>2</sub> Inhalation or Tiletamine–Zolazepam–Xylazine Anesthesia on Laboratory Outbred Rats and Mice |
| title_full | Comparative Study of the Aftereffect of CO<sub>2</sub> Inhalation or Tiletamine–Zolazepam–Xylazine Anesthesia on Laboratory Outbred Rats and Mice |
| title_fullStr | Comparative Study of the Aftereffect of CO<sub>2</sub> Inhalation or Tiletamine–Zolazepam–Xylazine Anesthesia on Laboratory Outbred Rats and Mice |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparative Study of the Aftereffect of CO<sub>2</sub> Inhalation or Tiletamine–Zolazepam–Xylazine Anesthesia on Laboratory Outbred Rats and Mice |
| title_short | Comparative Study of the Aftereffect of CO<sub>2</sub> Inhalation or Tiletamine–Zolazepam–Xylazine Anesthesia on Laboratory Outbred Rats and Mice |
| title_sort | comparative study of the aftereffect of co sub 2 sub inhalation or tiletamine zolazepam xylazine anesthesia on laboratory outbred rats and mice |
| topic | laboratory rodents Sprague Dawley rats CD-1 mice serum biochemistry animal care and protection |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/2/512 |
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