Individual Tree Height Increment Model for <i>Quercus mongolica</i> Secondary Forest in the Northeastern China Using Generalized Nonlinear Two-Level Mixed-Effects Model
(1) Background: Mongolian oak secondary forest is widely distributed in the northeast of China, and most of these forests are formed after the overcutting of broad-leaved <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> mixed forest. Most of the forest productivity is low and the ecological function is degraded,...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Forests |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/14/11/2162 |
| _version_ | 1797459292386754560 |
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| author | Xuefan Hu Yingshan Jin Xiaohong Zhang Huiru Zhang |
| author_facet | Xuefan Hu Yingshan Jin Xiaohong Zhang Huiru Zhang |
| author_sort | Xuefan Hu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | (1) Background: Mongolian oak secondary forest is widely distributed in the northeast of China, and most of these forests are formed after the overcutting of broad-leaved <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> mixed forest. Most of the forest productivity is low and the ecological function is degraded, due to insufficient understanding of Mongolian oak and lack of scientific management. Deepening the research on exploring reasonable management measures of Mongolian oak secondary forest to an improved stand status is the basis for improving its quality and promoting its forward succession process. (2) Methods: Twelve permanent plots with an area of 1 ha were established in the Mongolian oak secondary forest on Tazigou forest farm in Wangqing, Jilin Province of northeastern China. The response of tree height increment of Mongolian oak secondary forest is studied based on the survey data of 2013 and 2018. Two-level nonlinear mixed-effects models were constructed to predict the height of a single tree using sample plots and tree species as random effects, combined with a variety of tree size factors, site factors, and competitive factors as independent variables. (3) Results: The significant factors related to the height increment of Mongolian oak secondary forest are the initial diameter at breast height as the size of the tree itself (<i>DBH</i>), height (<i>H</i>), crown height ratio (<i>CR</i>), and site productivity index reflecting site quality (<i>SPI</i>). The distance-dependent and distance-independent competition indexes have no significant effect on tree height increment. The fitting accuracy of the two-level mixed-effects model that introduces plots and tree species as random effects has been greatly improved (coefficient of determination <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> increased by 51.8%). The prediction results show that the two trees with the largest <i>DBH</i> have the strongest prediction ability. (4) Conclusions: The generalized nonlinear two-level mixed-effects model constructed in this study can describe the height increment of an individual tree in the Mongolian oak secondary forest. Two sample trees, namely the two largest trees in each sub-plot, were applied for estimating the random effects when both measurement cost and potential errors of prediction were balanced. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:50:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e8a7fec8437946e987bf5292bd89bb06 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4907 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:50:19Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Forests |
| spelling | doaj.art-e8a7fec8437946e987bf5292bd89bb062023-11-24T14:42:32ZengMDPI AGForests1999-49072023-10-011411216210.3390/f14112162Individual Tree Height Increment Model for <i>Quercus mongolica</i> Secondary Forest in the Northeastern China Using Generalized Nonlinear Two-Level Mixed-Effects ModelXuefan Hu0Yingshan Jin1Xiaohong Zhang2Huiru Zhang3Beijing Key Laboratory of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Academy of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Beijing 100102, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Academy of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Beijing 100102, ChinaResearch Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, ChinaResearch Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China(1) Background: Mongolian oak secondary forest is widely distributed in the northeast of China, and most of these forests are formed after the overcutting of broad-leaved <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> mixed forest. Most of the forest productivity is low and the ecological function is degraded, due to insufficient understanding of Mongolian oak and lack of scientific management. Deepening the research on exploring reasonable management measures of Mongolian oak secondary forest to an improved stand status is the basis for improving its quality and promoting its forward succession process. (2) Methods: Twelve permanent plots with an area of 1 ha were established in the Mongolian oak secondary forest on Tazigou forest farm in Wangqing, Jilin Province of northeastern China. The response of tree height increment of Mongolian oak secondary forest is studied based on the survey data of 2013 and 2018. Two-level nonlinear mixed-effects models were constructed to predict the height of a single tree using sample plots and tree species as random effects, combined with a variety of tree size factors, site factors, and competitive factors as independent variables. (3) Results: The significant factors related to the height increment of Mongolian oak secondary forest are the initial diameter at breast height as the size of the tree itself (<i>DBH</i>), height (<i>H</i>), crown height ratio (<i>CR</i>), and site productivity index reflecting site quality (<i>SPI</i>). The distance-dependent and distance-independent competition indexes have no significant effect on tree height increment. The fitting accuracy of the two-level mixed-effects model that introduces plots and tree species as random effects has been greatly improved (coefficient of determination <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> increased by 51.8%). The prediction results show that the two trees with the largest <i>DBH</i> have the strongest prediction ability. (4) Conclusions: The generalized nonlinear two-level mixed-effects model constructed in this study can describe the height increment of an individual tree in the Mongolian oak secondary forest. Two sample trees, namely the two largest trees in each sub-plot, were applied for estimating the random effects when both measurement cost and potential errors of prediction were balanced.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/14/11/2162increment predictiontree size factorsindividual tree competitionsite productivity indexoptimal sampling number |
| spellingShingle | Xuefan Hu Yingshan Jin Xiaohong Zhang Huiru Zhang Individual Tree Height Increment Model for <i>Quercus mongolica</i> Secondary Forest in the Northeastern China Using Generalized Nonlinear Two-Level Mixed-Effects Model Forests increment prediction tree size factors individual tree competition site productivity index optimal sampling number |
| title | Individual Tree Height Increment Model for <i>Quercus mongolica</i> Secondary Forest in the Northeastern China Using Generalized Nonlinear Two-Level Mixed-Effects Model |
| title_full | Individual Tree Height Increment Model for <i>Quercus mongolica</i> Secondary Forest in the Northeastern China Using Generalized Nonlinear Two-Level Mixed-Effects Model |
| title_fullStr | Individual Tree Height Increment Model for <i>Quercus mongolica</i> Secondary Forest in the Northeastern China Using Generalized Nonlinear Two-Level Mixed-Effects Model |
| title_full_unstemmed | Individual Tree Height Increment Model for <i>Quercus mongolica</i> Secondary Forest in the Northeastern China Using Generalized Nonlinear Two-Level Mixed-Effects Model |
| title_short | Individual Tree Height Increment Model for <i>Quercus mongolica</i> Secondary Forest in the Northeastern China Using Generalized Nonlinear Two-Level Mixed-Effects Model |
| title_sort | individual tree height increment model for i quercus mongolica i secondary forest in the northeastern china using generalized nonlinear two level mixed effects model |
| topic | increment prediction tree size factors individual tree competition site productivity index optimal sampling number |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/14/11/2162 |
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