Chloroplasts Protein Quality Control and Turnover: A Multitude of Mechanisms
As the organelle of photosynthesis and other important metabolic pathways, chloroplasts contain up to 70% of leaf proteins with uniquely complex processes in synthesis, import, assembly, and turnover. Maintaining functional protein homeostasis in chloroplasts is vitally important for the fitness and...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-07-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/14/7760 |
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| author | Yunting Fu Xifeng Li Baofang Fan Cheng Zhu Zhixiang Chen |
| author_facet | Yunting Fu Xifeng Li Baofang Fan Cheng Zhu Zhixiang Chen |
| author_sort | Yunting Fu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As the organelle of photosynthesis and other important metabolic pathways, chloroplasts contain up to 70% of leaf proteins with uniquely complex processes in synthesis, import, assembly, and turnover. Maintaining functional protein homeostasis in chloroplasts is vitally important for the fitness and survival of plants. Research over the past several decades has revealed a multitude of mechanisms that play important roles in chloroplast protein quality control and turnover under normal and stress conditions. These mechanisms include: (i) endosymbiotically-derived proteases and associated proteins that play a vital role in maintaining protein homeostasis inside the chloroplasts, (ii) the ubiquitin-dependent turnover of unimported chloroplast precursor proteins to prevent their accumulation in the cytosol, (iii) chloroplast-associated degradation of the chloroplast outer-membrane translocon proteins for the regulation of chloroplast protein import, (iv) chloroplast unfolded protein response triggered by accumulated unfolded and misfolded proteins inside the chloroplasts, and (v) vesicle-mediated degradation of chloroplast components in the vacuole. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of these diverse mechanisms of chloroplast protein quality control and turnover and discuss important questions that remain to be addressed in order to better understand and improve important chloroplast functions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:17:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e8aacd426f004a019fbe4cb969c4aaea |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:17:49Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-e8aacd426f004a019fbe4cb969c4aaea2023-12-01T22:15:14ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-07-012314776010.3390/ijms23147760Chloroplasts Protein Quality Control and Turnover: A Multitude of MechanismsYunting Fu0Xifeng Li1Baofang Fan2Cheng Zhu3Zhixiang Chen4College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, ChinaCollege of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, ChinaDepartment of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USACollege of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, ChinaCollege of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, ChinaAs the organelle of photosynthesis and other important metabolic pathways, chloroplasts contain up to 70% of leaf proteins with uniquely complex processes in synthesis, import, assembly, and turnover. Maintaining functional protein homeostasis in chloroplasts is vitally important for the fitness and survival of plants. Research over the past several decades has revealed a multitude of mechanisms that play important roles in chloroplast protein quality control and turnover under normal and stress conditions. These mechanisms include: (i) endosymbiotically-derived proteases and associated proteins that play a vital role in maintaining protein homeostasis inside the chloroplasts, (ii) the ubiquitin-dependent turnover of unimported chloroplast precursor proteins to prevent their accumulation in the cytosol, (iii) chloroplast-associated degradation of the chloroplast outer-membrane translocon proteins for the regulation of chloroplast protein import, (iv) chloroplast unfolded protein response triggered by accumulated unfolded and misfolded proteins inside the chloroplasts, and (v) vesicle-mediated degradation of chloroplast components in the vacuole. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of these diverse mechanisms of chloroplast protein quality control and turnover and discuss important questions that remain to be addressed in order to better understand and improve important chloroplast functions.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/14/7760chloroplast protein quality controlchloroplast proteasesubiquitin proteasome systemchloroplast associated protein degradationchloroplast unfolded protein responsesautophagy |
| spellingShingle | Yunting Fu Xifeng Li Baofang Fan Cheng Zhu Zhixiang Chen Chloroplasts Protein Quality Control and Turnover: A Multitude of Mechanisms International Journal of Molecular Sciences chloroplast protein quality control chloroplast proteases ubiquitin proteasome system chloroplast associated protein degradation chloroplast unfolded protein responses autophagy |
| title | Chloroplasts Protein Quality Control and Turnover: A Multitude of Mechanisms |
| title_full | Chloroplasts Protein Quality Control and Turnover: A Multitude of Mechanisms |
| title_fullStr | Chloroplasts Protein Quality Control and Turnover: A Multitude of Mechanisms |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chloroplasts Protein Quality Control and Turnover: A Multitude of Mechanisms |
| title_short | Chloroplasts Protein Quality Control and Turnover: A Multitude of Mechanisms |
| title_sort | chloroplasts protein quality control and turnover a multitude of mechanisms |
| topic | chloroplast protein quality control chloroplast proteases ubiquitin proteasome system chloroplast associated protein degradation chloroplast unfolded protein responses autophagy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/14/7760 |
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