The Fate of Nitrogen from Soil to Plants: Influence of Agricultural Practices in Modern Agriculture
Nitrogen is an element present on Earth in different forms, such as gaseous in the air, dissolved in water, immobilized in the soil, as well as biologically bound in all living organisms. The transition from one form to another constitutes the nitrogen cycle. Current agricultural systems rely on nit...
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MDPI AG
2021-09-01
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| Series: | Agriculture |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/11/10/944 |
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| author | Maria Giordano Spyridon A. Petropoulos Youssef Rouphael |
| author_facet | Maria Giordano Spyridon A. Petropoulos Youssef Rouphael |
| author_sort | Maria Giordano |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Nitrogen is an element present on Earth in different forms, such as gaseous in the air, dissolved in water, immobilized in the soil, as well as biologically bound in all living organisms. The transition from one form to another constitutes the nitrogen cycle. Current agricultural systems rely on nitrogen fertilizers, which represent the reactive or biologically available nitrogen in soil. The excessive presence of reactive nitrogen in the environment has become a threat to soil, water, and air. The increasing demands for food in the world are associated with significant increase in nitrogen fertilizers inputs which threatens the environment and living organisms. The quantities of nitrogen used per capita in developed countries exceed those in developing countries. However, developed countries are regulated by restrictions of fertilizers inputs in agriculture, whereas such regulations do not exist in most of the developing countries. The need to resort to alternative and eco-sustainable strategies to mitigate the pollution related to human activities, is increasingly evident. This review aims to highlight the fate of nitrogen through the main agricultural practices in modern agriculture. Special attention was given to rocket (<i>Eruca sativa</i>) which is considered a nitrate hyper-accumulator and was used as a case study in the present review. Finally, some eco-sustainable solutions, useful for mitigating or preventing the excessive release of harmful forms of nitrogen into the environment, were also discussed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:48:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e8bb6c2e93c84e28a0ffba28578ccadc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0472 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:48:43Z |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Agriculture |
| spelling | doaj.art-e8bb6c2e93c84e28a0ffba28578ccadc2023-11-22T17:04:38ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722021-09-01111094410.3390/agriculture11100944The Fate of Nitrogen from Soil to Plants: Influence of Agricultural Practices in Modern AgricultureMaria Giordano0Spyridon A. Petropoulos1Youssef Rouphael2Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Universita 100, 80055 Portici, ItalyDepartment of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Street, 38446 Nea Ionia, Magnissia, GreeceDepartment of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Universita 100, 80055 Portici, ItalyNitrogen is an element present on Earth in different forms, such as gaseous in the air, dissolved in water, immobilized in the soil, as well as biologically bound in all living organisms. The transition from one form to another constitutes the nitrogen cycle. Current agricultural systems rely on nitrogen fertilizers, which represent the reactive or biologically available nitrogen in soil. The excessive presence of reactive nitrogen in the environment has become a threat to soil, water, and air. The increasing demands for food in the world are associated with significant increase in nitrogen fertilizers inputs which threatens the environment and living organisms. The quantities of nitrogen used per capita in developed countries exceed those in developing countries. However, developed countries are regulated by restrictions of fertilizers inputs in agriculture, whereas such regulations do not exist in most of the developing countries. The need to resort to alternative and eco-sustainable strategies to mitigate the pollution related to human activities, is increasingly evident. This review aims to highlight the fate of nitrogen through the main agricultural practices in modern agriculture. Special attention was given to rocket (<i>Eruca sativa</i>) which is considered a nitrate hyper-accumulator and was used as a case study in the present review. Finally, some eco-sustainable solutions, useful for mitigating or preventing the excessive release of harmful forms of nitrogen into the environment, were also discussed.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/11/10/944nitrogen fertilizersN<sub>2</sub>O emissionsNH<sub>3</sub> volatilizationnitrate leachingnitrogen turnoverclimate change |
| spellingShingle | Maria Giordano Spyridon A. Petropoulos Youssef Rouphael The Fate of Nitrogen from Soil to Plants: Influence of Agricultural Practices in Modern Agriculture Agriculture nitrogen fertilizers N<sub>2</sub>O emissions NH<sub>3</sub> volatilization nitrate leaching nitrogen turnover climate change |
| title | The Fate of Nitrogen from Soil to Plants: Influence of Agricultural Practices in Modern Agriculture |
| title_full | The Fate of Nitrogen from Soil to Plants: Influence of Agricultural Practices in Modern Agriculture |
| title_fullStr | The Fate of Nitrogen from Soil to Plants: Influence of Agricultural Practices in Modern Agriculture |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Fate of Nitrogen from Soil to Plants: Influence of Agricultural Practices in Modern Agriculture |
| title_short | The Fate of Nitrogen from Soil to Plants: Influence of Agricultural Practices in Modern Agriculture |
| title_sort | fate of nitrogen from soil to plants influence of agricultural practices in modern agriculture |
| topic | nitrogen fertilizers N<sub>2</sub>O emissions NH<sub>3</sub> volatilization nitrate leaching nitrogen turnover climate change |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/11/10/944 |
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