Assessment of Skin and Mucosa at the Equine Oral Commissures to Assess Pathology from Bit Wear: The Oral Commissure Assessment Protocol (OCA) for Analysis and Categorisation of Oral Commissures
This study addresses the presence and location of natural pigmentation, potentially pathological changes in pigment, interruptions of the natural lining (scars), roughness, and erosions/contusion (bruising) in and around the corners of the lips of 206 horses presented to a veterinarian for routine p...
| المؤلفون الرئيسيون: | , , , |
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| التنسيق: | مقال |
| اللغة: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| سلاسل: | Animals |
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| الوصول للمادة أونلاين: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/5/643 |
| _version_ | 1827652049003610112 |
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| author | Mette Uldahl Louise Bundgaard Jan Dahl Hilary Mary Clayton |
| author_facet | Mette Uldahl Louise Bundgaard Jan Dahl Hilary Mary Clayton |
| author_sort | Mette Uldahl |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study addresses the presence and location of natural pigmentation, potentially pathological changes in pigment, interruptions of the natural lining (scars), roughness, and erosions/contusion (bruising) in and around the corners of the lips of 206 horses presented to a veterinarian for routine preventative dental treatment. After sedation, photographs were taken and later evaluated for the presence of lesions. During the photographic analysis, the Oral Commissure Assessment (OCA) protocol was developed to map precisely the areas of skin and mucosa around the corners of the lips, and the presence of lesions was recorded for each area. Potentially pathological pigment changes occurred more frequently in horses with a higher level of training (<i>p</i> = 0.04) and in light-coloured horses (<i>p</i> = 0.0004), but there was no association with the current use of a bit or the discipline that the horse participated in (<i>p</i> = 0.20). Scars occurred more frequently in horses competing at a higher level. Only two horses had contusions or erosions, five had ulcers, and none showed bleeding; these numbers were too low for statistical analysis. Using the OCA protocol provides a detailed method for categorizing and recording lesions in and around the corners of the lips, including natural vs. potential and/or definite pathological character. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:50:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e8c4ad02ebc44ac39990e058227fb121 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2615 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:50:02Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj.art-e8c4ad02ebc44ac39990e058227fb1212023-11-23T22:37:41ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152022-03-0112564310.3390/ani12050643Assessment of Skin and Mucosa at the Equine Oral Commissures to Assess Pathology from Bit Wear: The Oral Commissure Assessment Protocol (OCA) for Analysis and Categorisation of Oral CommissuresMette Uldahl0Louise Bundgaard1Jan Dahl2Hilary Mary Clayton3Vejle Equine Practice, Fasanvej 12, 7120 Vejle Øst, DenmarkDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Agrovej 8, 2630 Taastrup, DenmarkJan Dahl Consult, Østrupvej 89, 4350 Ugerløse, DenmarkSport Horse Science, 3145 Sandhill Road, Mason, MI 48854, USAThis study addresses the presence and location of natural pigmentation, potentially pathological changes in pigment, interruptions of the natural lining (scars), roughness, and erosions/contusion (bruising) in and around the corners of the lips of 206 horses presented to a veterinarian for routine preventative dental treatment. After sedation, photographs were taken and later evaluated for the presence of lesions. During the photographic analysis, the Oral Commissure Assessment (OCA) protocol was developed to map precisely the areas of skin and mucosa around the corners of the lips, and the presence of lesions was recorded for each area. Potentially pathological pigment changes occurred more frequently in horses with a higher level of training (<i>p</i> = 0.04) and in light-coloured horses (<i>p</i> = 0.0004), but there was no association with the current use of a bit or the discipline that the horse participated in (<i>p</i> = 0.20). Scars occurred more frequently in horses competing at a higher level. Only two horses had contusions or erosions, five had ulcers, and none showed bleeding; these numbers were too low for statistical analysis. Using the OCA protocol provides a detailed method for categorizing and recording lesions in and around the corners of the lips, including natural vs. potential and/or definite pathological character.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/5/643horseoral commissure assessment protocoloral pathologyoral lesionsbit use |
| spellingShingle | Mette Uldahl Louise Bundgaard Jan Dahl Hilary Mary Clayton Assessment of Skin and Mucosa at the Equine Oral Commissures to Assess Pathology from Bit Wear: The Oral Commissure Assessment Protocol (OCA) for Analysis and Categorisation of Oral Commissures Animals horse oral commissure assessment protocol oral pathology oral lesions bit use |
| title | Assessment of Skin and Mucosa at the Equine Oral Commissures to Assess Pathology from Bit Wear: The Oral Commissure Assessment Protocol (OCA) for Analysis and Categorisation of Oral Commissures |
| title_full | Assessment of Skin and Mucosa at the Equine Oral Commissures to Assess Pathology from Bit Wear: The Oral Commissure Assessment Protocol (OCA) for Analysis and Categorisation of Oral Commissures |
| title_fullStr | Assessment of Skin and Mucosa at the Equine Oral Commissures to Assess Pathology from Bit Wear: The Oral Commissure Assessment Protocol (OCA) for Analysis and Categorisation of Oral Commissures |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessment of Skin and Mucosa at the Equine Oral Commissures to Assess Pathology from Bit Wear: The Oral Commissure Assessment Protocol (OCA) for Analysis and Categorisation of Oral Commissures |
| title_short | Assessment of Skin and Mucosa at the Equine Oral Commissures to Assess Pathology from Bit Wear: The Oral Commissure Assessment Protocol (OCA) for Analysis and Categorisation of Oral Commissures |
| title_sort | assessment of skin and mucosa at the equine oral commissures to assess pathology from bit wear the oral commissure assessment protocol oca for analysis and categorisation of oral commissures |
| topic | horse oral commissure assessment protocol oral pathology oral lesions bit use |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/5/643 |
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