Variation of Deoxynivalenol Levels in Corn and Its Products Available in Retail Markets of Punjab, Pakistan, and Estimation of Risk Assessment
This study investigated the natural incidence of deoxynivalenol (DON) in corn and corn products from corn-producing districts of Punjab, Pakistan. The analysis was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detector and immunoaffinity cleanup columns. The detection limit...
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/5/296 |
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| author | Shahzad Zafar Iqbal Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis Sunusi Usman Nada Basheir Ali Muhammad Rafique Asi |
| author_facet | Shahzad Zafar Iqbal Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis Sunusi Usman Nada Basheir Ali Muhammad Rafique Asi |
| author_sort | Shahzad Zafar Iqbal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study investigated the natural incidence of deoxynivalenol (DON) in corn and corn products from corn-producing districts of Punjab, Pakistan. The analysis was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detector and immunoaffinity cleanup columns. The detection limit (LOD) and limit of quantification were 25 and 50 µg/kg, respectively. A total of 1220 samples of corn and corn products were analyzed to detect DON, and 539 (44.2%) samples were observed to be contaminated with DON (<i>n</i> ≥ LOD). Furthermore, 92 (7.5%) samples of corn and corn products had DON levels that were higher than the proposed limits of the EU. The data are significantly different from a normal distribution of DON in samples of corn and corn products from different locations (<i>p</i> < 0.05) for Shapiro–Wilk and Kolmogorov–Smirnov values. However, a significant difference in DON levels was found between corn and corn-derived products (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05). The lowest and highest exposures, and hazard quotient (HQ) values of 0.92 and 9.68 µg/kg bw/day, were documented in corn flour samples. |
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e8da8dd547854f47bab49895a0f10935 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:06:12Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-e8da8dd547854f47bab49895a0f109352023-11-21T16:36:50ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512021-04-0113529610.3390/toxins13050296Variation of Deoxynivalenol Levels in Corn and Its Products Available in Retail Markets of Punjab, Pakistan, and Estimation of Risk AssessmentShahzad Zafar Iqbal0Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis1Sunusi Usman2Nada Basheir Ali3Muhammad Rafique Asi4Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, PakistanDepartment of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, MalaysiaNatural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, MalaysiaFood Toxicology Lab, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad 38000, PakistanThis study investigated the natural incidence of deoxynivalenol (DON) in corn and corn products from corn-producing districts of Punjab, Pakistan. The analysis was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detector and immunoaffinity cleanup columns. The detection limit (LOD) and limit of quantification were 25 and 50 µg/kg, respectively. A total of 1220 samples of corn and corn products were analyzed to detect DON, and 539 (44.2%) samples were observed to be contaminated with DON (<i>n</i> ≥ LOD). Furthermore, 92 (7.5%) samples of corn and corn products had DON levels that were higher than the proposed limits of the EU. The data are significantly different from a normal distribution of DON in samples of corn and corn products from different locations (<i>p</i> < 0.05) for Shapiro–Wilk and Kolmogorov–Smirnov values. However, a significant difference in DON levels was found between corn and corn-derived products (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05). The lowest and highest exposures, and hazard quotient (HQ) values of 0.92 and 9.68 µg/kg bw/day, were documented in corn flour samples.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/5/296DONcorncorn productsexposurerisk assessment |
| spellingShingle | Shahzad Zafar Iqbal Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis Sunusi Usman Nada Basheir Ali Muhammad Rafique Asi Variation of Deoxynivalenol Levels in Corn and Its Products Available in Retail Markets of Punjab, Pakistan, and Estimation of Risk Assessment Toxins DON corn corn products exposure risk assessment |
| title | Variation of Deoxynivalenol Levels in Corn and Its Products Available in Retail Markets of Punjab, Pakistan, and Estimation of Risk Assessment |
| title_full | Variation of Deoxynivalenol Levels in Corn and Its Products Available in Retail Markets of Punjab, Pakistan, and Estimation of Risk Assessment |
| title_fullStr | Variation of Deoxynivalenol Levels in Corn and Its Products Available in Retail Markets of Punjab, Pakistan, and Estimation of Risk Assessment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Variation of Deoxynivalenol Levels in Corn and Its Products Available in Retail Markets of Punjab, Pakistan, and Estimation of Risk Assessment |
| title_short | Variation of Deoxynivalenol Levels in Corn and Its Products Available in Retail Markets of Punjab, Pakistan, and Estimation of Risk Assessment |
| title_sort | variation of deoxynivalenol levels in corn and its products available in retail markets of punjab pakistan and estimation of risk assessment |
| topic | DON corn corn products exposure risk assessment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/5/296 |
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