Study on the Characteristics of Damaged Sandstone in the Longshan Grottoes Using Water Chemistry and Freeze–Thaw Cycling
Sandstone from the Longshan Grottoes in Taiyuan, China, was the research object of this paper. The sandstone samples were soaked in distilled water, Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution, and NaCl solution and subjected to freeze–thaw testing. Sandstone specimens were treated...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Minerals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/13/3/430 |
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| author | Bo Sun Xingyue Li Kai Cui Ningbo Peng Jie Hong Rui Chen Chen Jia |
| author_facet | Bo Sun Xingyue Li Kai Cui Ningbo Peng Jie Hong Rui Chen Chen Jia |
| author_sort | Bo Sun |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Sandstone from the Longshan Grottoes in Taiyuan, China, was the research object of this paper. The sandstone samples were soaked in distilled water, Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution, and NaCl solution and subjected to freeze–thaw testing. Sandstone specimens were treated with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 freeze–thaw cycles. The mass ratio, P-wave velocity, surface hardness, uniaxial compressive strength, and other physical-mechanical features of rock samples were measured after different numbers of cycles. The results of mercury injection, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction were combined to explore the damage mechanisms and characteristics of the rock samples under the combined action of chemicals and freeze–thaw cycles. It was found that the damage degree of sandstone increased logarithmically with the number of cycles, with Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution causing the most damage. Damage variables D of the samples soaked in distilled water, Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution, and NaCl solution after 30 freeze–thaw cycles were 3.89%, 6.51%, and 4.74%, respectively. The difference in damage between the solutions is caused by the combination of frost heave, dissolution, and salt crystallization, and the damage process generally occurs from the inside and the outside and is manifested as an increase in the number of macropores and the appearance of new pores. Freezing–thawing and salt action are important causes of the powdering and detachment of sandstone in the Longshan Grottoes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:08:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e8e4a40ef4e04ecf8f2d10dddcfd1412 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-163X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:08:49Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Minerals |
| spelling | doaj.art-e8e4a40ef4e04ecf8f2d10dddcfd14122023-11-17T12:48:29ZengMDPI AGMinerals2075-163X2023-03-0113343010.3390/min13030430Study on the Characteristics of Damaged Sandstone in the Longshan Grottoes Using Water Chemistry and Freeze–Thaw CyclingBo Sun0Xingyue Li1Kai Cui2Ningbo Peng3Jie Hong4Rui Chen5Chen Jia6Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Department of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, ChinaKey Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Department of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, ChinaKey Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Department of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, ChinaFaculty of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223001, ChinaNorthwest Research Institute Limited Company of China Railway Engineering Corporation, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaNorthwest Research Institute Limited Company of China Railway Engineering Corporation, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaTaiyuan Cultural Relics Protection and Research Institute, Taiyuan 030012, ChinaSandstone from the Longshan Grottoes in Taiyuan, China, was the research object of this paper. The sandstone samples were soaked in distilled water, Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution, and NaCl solution and subjected to freeze–thaw testing. Sandstone specimens were treated with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 freeze–thaw cycles. The mass ratio, P-wave velocity, surface hardness, uniaxial compressive strength, and other physical-mechanical features of rock samples were measured after different numbers of cycles. The results of mercury injection, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction were combined to explore the damage mechanisms and characteristics of the rock samples under the combined action of chemicals and freeze–thaw cycles. It was found that the damage degree of sandstone increased logarithmically with the number of cycles, with Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution causing the most damage. Damage variables D of the samples soaked in distilled water, Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution, and NaCl solution after 30 freeze–thaw cycles were 3.89%, 6.51%, and 4.74%, respectively. The difference in damage between the solutions is caused by the combination of frost heave, dissolution, and salt crystallization, and the damage process generally occurs from the inside and the outside and is manifested as an increase in the number of macropores and the appearance of new pores. Freezing–thawing and salt action are important causes of the powdering and detachment of sandstone in the Longshan Grottoes.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/13/3/430Longshan Grottoessandstonefreeze–thaw cyclechemical solutiondamage characteristics |
| spellingShingle | Bo Sun Xingyue Li Kai Cui Ningbo Peng Jie Hong Rui Chen Chen Jia Study on the Characteristics of Damaged Sandstone in the Longshan Grottoes Using Water Chemistry and Freeze–Thaw Cycling Minerals Longshan Grottoes sandstone freeze–thaw cycle chemical solution damage characteristics |
| title | Study on the Characteristics of Damaged Sandstone in the Longshan Grottoes Using Water Chemistry and Freeze–Thaw Cycling |
| title_full | Study on the Characteristics of Damaged Sandstone in the Longshan Grottoes Using Water Chemistry and Freeze–Thaw Cycling |
| title_fullStr | Study on the Characteristics of Damaged Sandstone in the Longshan Grottoes Using Water Chemistry and Freeze–Thaw Cycling |
| title_full_unstemmed | Study on the Characteristics of Damaged Sandstone in the Longshan Grottoes Using Water Chemistry and Freeze–Thaw Cycling |
| title_short | Study on the Characteristics of Damaged Sandstone in the Longshan Grottoes Using Water Chemistry and Freeze–Thaw Cycling |
| title_sort | study on the characteristics of damaged sandstone in the longshan grottoes using water chemistry and freeze thaw cycling |
| topic | Longshan Grottoes sandstone freeze–thaw cycle chemical solution damage characteristics |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/13/3/430 |
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