Second Trimester Amniotic Fluid Angiotensinogen Levels Linked to Increased Fetal Birth Weight and Shorter Gestational Age in Term Pregnancies
Background: Despite the considerable progress made in recent years in fetal assessment, the etiology of fetal growth disturbances is not as yet well understood. In an effort to enhance our knowledge in this area, we investigated the associations of the amniotic fluid angiotensinogen of the renin–ang...
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MDPI AG
2024-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/14/2/206 |
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| author | Dionysios Vrachnis Alexandros Fotiou Aimilia Mantzou Vasilios Pergialiotis Panagiotis Antsaklis George Valsamakis Sofoklis Stavros Nikolaos Machairiotis Christos Iavazzo Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein George Mastorakos Petros Drakakis Nikolaos Vrachnis Nikolaos Antonakopoulos |
| author_facet | Dionysios Vrachnis Alexandros Fotiou Aimilia Mantzou Vasilios Pergialiotis Panagiotis Antsaklis George Valsamakis Sofoklis Stavros Nikolaos Machairiotis Christos Iavazzo Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein George Mastorakos Petros Drakakis Nikolaos Vrachnis Nikolaos Antonakopoulos |
| author_sort | Dionysios Vrachnis |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Despite the considerable progress made in recent years in fetal assessment, the etiology of fetal growth disturbances is not as yet well understood. In an effort to enhance our knowledge in this area, we investigated the associations of the amniotic fluid angiotensinogen of the renin–angiotensin system with fetal growth abnormalities. Methods: We collected amniotic fluid samples from 70 pregnant women who underwent amniocentesis during their early second trimester. Birth weight was documented upon delivery, after which the embryos corresponding to the respective amniotic fluid samples were categorized into three groups as follows: small for gestational age (SGA), appropriate for gestational age (AGA), and large for gestational age (LGA). Amniotic fluid angiotensinogen levels were determined by using ELISA kits. Results: Mean angiotensinogen values were 3885 ng/mL (range: 1625–5375 ng/mL), 4885 ng/mL (range: 1580–8460 ng/mL), and 4670 ng/mL (range: 1995–7250 ng/mL) in the SGA, LGA, and AGA fetuses, respectively. The concentrations in the three groups were not statistically significantly different. Although there were wide discrepancies between the mean values of the subgroups, the large confidence intervals in the three groups negatively affected the statistical analysis. However, multiple regression analysis revealed a statistically significant negative correlation between the angiotensinogen levels and gestational age and a statistically significant positive correlation between the birth weight and angiotensinogen levels. Discussion: Our findings suggest that fetal growth abnormalities did not correlate with differences in the amniotic fluid levels of angiotensinogen in early second trimester pregnancies. However, increased angiotensinogen levels were found to be consistent with a smaller gestational age at birth and increased BMI of neonates. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-1729 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:25:13Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
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| series | Life |
| spelling | doaj.art-e8f4b0a7d91a4328bf771068dd268afc2024-02-23T15:24:38ZengMDPI AGLife2075-17292024-01-0114220610.3390/life14020206Second Trimester Amniotic Fluid Angiotensinogen Levels Linked to Increased Fetal Birth Weight and Shorter Gestational Age in Term PregnanciesDionysios Vrachnis0Alexandros Fotiou1Aimilia Mantzou2Vasilios Pergialiotis3Panagiotis Antsaklis4George Valsamakis5Sofoklis Stavros6Nikolaos Machairiotis7Christos Iavazzo8Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein9George Mastorakos10Petros Drakakis11Nikolaos Vrachnis12Nikolaos Antonakopoulos13National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, GreeceNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, GreeceAghia Sophia Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, GreeceFirst Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Alexandra Hospital, 11527 Athens, GreeceFirst Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Alexandra Hospital, 11527 Athens, GreeceSecond Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aretaieion Hospital, 11527 Athens, GreeceThird Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Attikon Hospital, 11527 Athens, GreeceThird Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Attikon Hospital, 11527 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Gynecologic Oncology, Metaxa Memorial Cancer Hospital of Piraeus, 18537 Piraeus, GreeceAghia Sophia Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, GreeceUnit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aretaieion Hospital, 11527 Athens, GreeceThird Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Attikon Hospital, 11527 Athens, GreeceThird Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Attikon Hospital, 11527 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Patras, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patra, GreeceBackground: Despite the considerable progress made in recent years in fetal assessment, the etiology of fetal growth disturbances is not as yet well understood. In an effort to enhance our knowledge in this area, we investigated the associations of the amniotic fluid angiotensinogen of the renin–angiotensin system with fetal growth abnormalities. Methods: We collected amniotic fluid samples from 70 pregnant women who underwent amniocentesis during their early second trimester. Birth weight was documented upon delivery, after which the embryos corresponding to the respective amniotic fluid samples were categorized into three groups as follows: small for gestational age (SGA), appropriate for gestational age (AGA), and large for gestational age (LGA). Amniotic fluid angiotensinogen levels were determined by using ELISA kits. Results: Mean angiotensinogen values were 3885 ng/mL (range: 1625–5375 ng/mL), 4885 ng/mL (range: 1580–8460 ng/mL), and 4670 ng/mL (range: 1995–7250 ng/mL) in the SGA, LGA, and AGA fetuses, respectively. The concentrations in the three groups were not statistically significantly different. Although there were wide discrepancies between the mean values of the subgroups, the large confidence intervals in the three groups negatively affected the statistical analysis. However, multiple regression analysis revealed a statistically significant negative correlation between the angiotensinogen levels and gestational age and a statistically significant positive correlation between the birth weight and angiotensinogen levels. Discussion: Our findings suggest that fetal growth abnormalities did not correlate with differences in the amniotic fluid levels of angiotensinogen in early second trimester pregnancies. However, increased angiotensinogen levels were found to be consistent with a smaller gestational age at birth and increased BMI of neonates.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/14/2/206angiotensinogenrenin–angiotensin system (RAS)amniotic fluidsecond trimester of pregnancythird trimester of pregnancysmall for gestational age (SGA) |
| spellingShingle | Dionysios Vrachnis Alexandros Fotiou Aimilia Mantzou Vasilios Pergialiotis Panagiotis Antsaklis George Valsamakis Sofoklis Stavros Nikolaos Machairiotis Christos Iavazzo Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein George Mastorakos Petros Drakakis Nikolaos Vrachnis Nikolaos Antonakopoulos Second Trimester Amniotic Fluid Angiotensinogen Levels Linked to Increased Fetal Birth Weight and Shorter Gestational Age in Term Pregnancies Life angiotensinogen renin–angiotensin system (RAS) amniotic fluid second trimester of pregnancy third trimester of pregnancy small for gestational age (SGA) |
| title | Second Trimester Amniotic Fluid Angiotensinogen Levels Linked to Increased Fetal Birth Weight and Shorter Gestational Age in Term Pregnancies |
| title_full | Second Trimester Amniotic Fluid Angiotensinogen Levels Linked to Increased Fetal Birth Weight and Shorter Gestational Age in Term Pregnancies |
| title_fullStr | Second Trimester Amniotic Fluid Angiotensinogen Levels Linked to Increased Fetal Birth Weight and Shorter Gestational Age in Term Pregnancies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Second Trimester Amniotic Fluid Angiotensinogen Levels Linked to Increased Fetal Birth Weight and Shorter Gestational Age in Term Pregnancies |
| title_short | Second Trimester Amniotic Fluid Angiotensinogen Levels Linked to Increased Fetal Birth Weight and Shorter Gestational Age in Term Pregnancies |
| title_sort | second trimester amniotic fluid angiotensinogen levels linked to increased fetal birth weight and shorter gestational age in term pregnancies |
| topic | angiotensinogen renin–angiotensin system (RAS) amniotic fluid second trimester of pregnancy third trimester of pregnancy small for gestational age (SGA) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/14/2/206 |
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