A Comprehensive Study of the Antibacterial Activity of Bioactive Juice and Extracts from Pomegranate (<i>Punica granatum</i> L.) Peels and Seeds
Due to the growing awareness of <i>Punica granatum</i> fruit’s health-promoting properties, the pomegranate is increasingly used for food purposes. This results in the formation of biological waste products such as peels. A biowaste circular bioeconomy strategy holds great prospective fo...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/8/1554 |
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| author | Kaja Kupnik Mateja Primožič Katja Vasić Željko Knez Maja Leitgeb |
| author_facet | Kaja Kupnik Mateja Primožič Katja Vasić Željko Knez Maja Leitgeb |
| author_sort | Kaja Kupnik |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Due to the growing awareness of <i>Punica granatum</i> fruit’s health-promoting properties, the pomegranate is increasingly used for food purposes. This results in the formation of biological waste products such as peels. A biowaste circular bioeconomy strategy holds great prospective for a sustainable economy. Therefore, a sustainable and environmentally friendly way of disposing of waste (e.g., use of biowaste to obtain high-value components (e.g., punicalagins, enzymes)) is crucial for the protection of the environment and human health. In the presented study, the content of total phenols and proanthocyanidins in ten samples of <i>Punica granatum</i> fruit (juice, aqueous (H<sub>2</sub>O) and ethanolic (EtOH) extracts of peels and seeds) was determined. Peel extracts were found to be the richest in the content of secondary metabolites and showed extremely high antioxidant potential (approximately 90% inhibition: DPPH radical scavenging activity). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comparative study to determine the enzymatic activity of α-amylase, lipase, peroxidase, protease, and transglutaminase in different <i>P. granatum</i> samples. Furthermore, the antibacterial efficacy of all <i>P. granatum</i> samples was qualitatively determined against three strains of Gram-negative (<i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i>) and three strains of Gram-positive (<i>Bacillus cereus</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, and <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>) bacteria, susceptible to gaining antibiotic resistance. Moreover, the most promising peel extracts were quantified for antibacterial efficacy against tested bacteria at five different concentrations. All samples slowed down and inhibited the growth of all tested bacteria. MIC<sub>90</sub> values (2.7 or 0.3 mg/mL) were determined in 18 out of 24 experiments (four samples, six bacteria tested). There is no research in the reviewed literature that is current with such detailed and comprehensive determination of <i>P. granatum</i> peel extracts antibacterial activity. The results of the research showed great potential for the use of <i>P. granatum</i> in the field of antibacterial activity in biomedicine applications and in the cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical industries. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:28:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e933570c9344466584dc011aa662c6fc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:28:48Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-e933570c9344466584dc011aa662c6fc2023-11-22T09:18:02ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472021-07-01108155410.3390/plants10081554A Comprehensive Study of the Antibacterial Activity of Bioactive Juice and Extracts from Pomegranate (<i>Punica granatum</i> L.) Peels and SeedsKaja Kupnik0Mateja Primožič1Katja Vasić2Željko Knez3Maja Leitgeb4Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, SloveniaLaboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, SloveniaLaboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, SloveniaLaboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, SloveniaLaboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, SloveniaDue to the growing awareness of <i>Punica granatum</i> fruit’s health-promoting properties, the pomegranate is increasingly used for food purposes. This results in the formation of biological waste products such as peels. A biowaste circular bioeconomy strategy holds great prospective for a sustainable economy. Therefore, a sustainable and environmentally friendly way of disposing of waste (e.g., use of biowaste to obtain high-value components (e.g., punicalagins, enzymes)) is crucial for the protection of the environment and human health. In the presented study, the content of total phenols and proanthocyanidins in ten samples of <i>Punica granatum</i> fruit (juice, aqueous (H<sub>2</sub>O) and ethanolic (EtOH) extracts of peels and seeds) was determined. Peel extracts were found to be the richest in the content of secondary metabolites and showed extremely high antioxidant potential (approximately 90% inhibition: DPPH radical scavenging activity). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comparative study to determine the enzymatic activity of α-amylase, lipase, peroxidase, protease, and transglutaminase in different <i>P. granatum</i> samples. Furthermore, the antibacterial efficacy of all <i>P. granatum</i> samples was qualitatively determined against three strains of Gram-negative (<i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i>) and three strains of Gram-positive (<i>Bacillus cereus</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, and <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>) bacteria, susceptible to gaining antibiotic resistance. Moreover, the most promising peel extracts were quantified for antibacterial efficacy against tested bacteria at five different concentrations. All samples slowed down and inhibited the growth of all tested bacteria. MIC<sub>90</sub> values (2.7 or 0.3 mg/mL) were determined in 18 out of 24 experiments (four samples, six bacteria tested). There is no research in the reviewed literature that is current with such detailed and comprehensive determination of <i>P. granatum</i> peel extracts antibacterial activity. The results of the research showed great potential for the use of <i>P. granatum</i> in the field of antibacterial activity in biomedicine applications and in the cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical industries.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/8/1554antibacterialbioactiveenzyme activitypomegranate<i>Punica granatum</i> |
| spellingShingle | Kaja Kupnik Mateja Primožič Katja Vasić Željko Knez Maja Leitgeb A Comprehensive Study of the Antibacterial Activity of Bioactive Juice and Extracts from Pomegranate (<i>Punica granatum</i> L.) Peels and Seeds Plants antibacterial bioactive enzyme activity pomegranate <i>Punica granatum</i> |
| title | A Comprehensive Study of the Antibacterial Activity of Bioactive Juice and Extracts from Pomegranate (<i>Punica granatum</i> L.) Peels and Seeds |
| title_full | A Comprehensive Study of the Antibacterial Activity of Bioactive Juice and Extracts from Pomegranate (<i>Punica granatum</i> L.) Peels and Seeds |
| title_fullStr | A Comprehensive Study of the Antibacterial Activity of Bioactive Juice and Extracts from Pomegranate (<i>Punica granatum</i> L.) Peels and Seeds |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Comprehensive Study of the Antibacterial Activity of Bioactive Juice and Extracts from Pomegranate (<i>Punica granatum</i> L.) Peels and Seeds |
| title_short | A Comprehensive Study of the Antibacterial Activity of Bioactive Juice and Extracts from Pomegranate (<i>Punica granatum</i> L.) Peels and Seeds |
| title_sort | comprehensive study of the antibacterial activity of bioactive juice and extracts from pomegranate i punica granatum i l peels and seeds |
| topic | antibacterial bioactive enzyme activity pomegranate <i>Punica granatum</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/8/1554 |
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