Formulation of <i>Entandrophragma utile</i> into an Herbal Emulgel for the Management of Inflammation
<b>Introduction:</b> Globally, the incidence of inflammation and inflammatory disorders has continued to rise at an alarming rate. <i>Entandrophragma utile</i> is a species of flowering plant widely distributed in Africa and has been used for the management of sickle cell dis...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-12-01
|
| Series: | Gels |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/9/12/956 |
| _version_ | 1797381011301990400 |
|---|---|
| author | Adeola Tawakalitu Kola-Mustapha Haneefat Folashade Ibraheem Suleiman Taiwo Ismail O. Ishola Sukurat Olasumbo Usman Yusuf Oluwagbenga Ghazali |
| author_facet | Adeola Tawakalitu Kola-Mustapha Haneefat Folashade Ibraheem Suleiman Taiwo Ismail O. Ishola Sukurat Olasumbo Usman Yusuf Oluwagbenga Ghazali |
| author_sort | Adeola Tawakalitu Kola-Mustapha |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Introduction:</b> Globally, the incidence of inflammation and inflammatory disorders has continued to rise at an alarming rate. <i>Entandrophragma utile</i> is a species of flowering plant widely distributed in Africa and has been used for the management of sickle cell disease, rheumatism, ocular inflammation, duodenal and stomach ulcers. This research aims to formulate and evaluate an anti-inflammatory herbal emulgel using an extract from <i>Entandrophragma utile</i> stem bark (EUB). <b>Method:</b> Using a carrageenan-induced paw oedema model, the anti-inflammatory efficacy of EUB the extract was assessed. The formulated <i>Entandrophragma utile</i> emulgels (EUE) were characterized, and their anti-inflammatory activity was demonstrated, by utilizing diclofenac emulgel-treated rats with complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis model as the positive control group. <b>Results:</b> The emulgels formulated had characterization results within acceptable ranges; pH (4.25–5.80), viscosity (418.9–112.8 mPas), spreadability (25.00–31.82 gcm/s), extrudability (30.86–51.02 g/cm<sup>2</sup>), and a swelling index of (30–60%). The emulgel produced a concentration-dependent inflammatory inhibition with a peak effect (117.97%) at the end of the 4th week which was comparable to that of commercial diclofenac (127.19%). The phytochemical analysis led to the identification of saponins, flavonoids, phenols, and tannins as active secondary metabolites. <b>Conclusions:</b> The stem bark extract of <i>E. utile</i> possessed noteworthy (<i>p</i> < 0.05) reduction in inflammation in comparison to diclofenac and its emulgel formulation showed enormous potential for treating inflammation and pain. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:45:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e942a11815e146219f102fe31bf4453e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2310-2861 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:45:13Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Gels |
| spelling | doaj.art-e942a11815e146219f102fe31bf4453e2023-12-22T14:10:43ZengMDPI AGGels2310-28612023-12-0191295610.3390/gels9120956Formulation of <i>Entandrophragma utile</i> into an Herbal Emulgel for the Management of InflammationAdeola Tawakalitu Kola-Mustapha0Haneefat Folashade Ibraheem1Suleiman Taiwo2Ismail O. Ishola3Sukurat Olasumbo Usman4Yusuf Oluwagbenga Ghazali5College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240101, NigeriaDepartment of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240101, NigeriaDepartment of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos 100001, NigeriaDepartment of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240101, NigeriaDepartment of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240101, Nigeria<b>Introduction:</b> Globally, the incidence of inflammation and inflammatory disorders has continued to rise at an alarming rate. <i>Entandrophragma utile</i> is a species of flowering plant widely distributed in Africa and has been used for the management of sickle cell disease, rheumatism, ocular inflammation, duodenal and stomach ulcers. This research aims to formulate and evaluate an anti-inflammatory herbal emulgel using an extract from <i>Entandrophragma utile</i> stem bark (EUB). <b>Method:</b> Using a carrageenan-induced paw oedema model, the anti-inflammatory efficacy of EUB the extract was assessed. The formulated <i>Entandrophragma utile</i> emulgels (EUE) were characterized, and their anti-inflammatory activity was demonstrated, by utilizing diclofenac emulgel-treated rats with complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis model as the positive control group. <b>Results:</b> The emulgels formulated had characterization results within acceptable ranges; pH (4.25–5.80), viscosity (418.9–112.8 mPas), spreadability (25.00–31.82 gcm/s), extrudability (30.86–51.02 g/cm<sup>2</sup>), and a swelling index of (30–60%). The emulgel produced a concentration-dependent inflammatory inhibition with a peak effect (117.97%) at the end of the 4th week which was comparable to that of commercial diclofenac (127.19%). The phytochemical analysis led to the identification of saponins, flavonoids, phenols, and tannins as active secondary metabolites. <b>Conclusions:</b> The stem bark extract of <i>E. utile</i> possessed noteworthy (<i>p</i> < 0.05) reduction in inflammation in comparison to diclofenac and its emulgel formulation showed enormous potential for treating inflammation and pain.https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/9/12/956inflammationherbal emulgel<i>Entandrophragma utile</i> |
| spellingShingle | Adeola Tawakalitu Kola-Mustapha Haneefat Folashade Ibraheem Suleiman Taiwo Ismail O. Ishola Sukurat Olasumbo Usman Yusuf Oluwagbenga Ghazali Formulation of <i>Entandrophragma utile</i> into an Herbal Emulgel for the Management of Inflammation Gels inflammation herbal emulgel <i>Entandrophragma utile</i> |
| title | Formulation of <i>Entandrophragma utile</i> into an Herbal Emulgel for the Management of Inflammation |
| title_full | Formulation of <i>Entandrophragma utile</i> into an Herbal Emulgel for the Management of Inflammation |
| title_fullStr | Formulation of <i>Entandrophragma utile</i> into an Herbal Emulgel for the Management of Inflammation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Formulation of <i>Entandrophragma utile</i> into an Herbal Emulgel for the Management of Inflammation |
| title_short | Formulation of <i>Entandrophragma utile</i> into an Herbal Emulgel for the Management of Inflammation |
| title_sort | formulation of i entandrophragma utile i into an herbal emulgel for the management of inflammation |
| topic | inflammation herbal emulgel <i>Entandrophragma utile</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/9/12/956 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT adeolatawakalitukolamustapha formulationofientandrophragmautileiintoanherbalemulgelforthemanagementofinflammation AT haneefatfolashadeibraheem formulationofientandrophragmautileiintoanherbalemulgelforthemanagementofinflammation AT suleimantaiwo formulationofientandrophragmautileiintoanherbalemulgelforthemanagementofinflammation AT ismailoishola formulationofientandrophragmautileiintoanherbalemulgelforthemanagementofinflammation AT sukuratolasumbousman formulationofientandrophragmautileiintoanherbalemulgelforthemanagementofinflammation AT yusufoluwagbengaghazali formulationofientandrophragmautileiintoanherbalemulgelforthemanagementofinflammation |