The Effect of Singular Nonverbal Behaviours of Experimenters on Pain Reports
Hojjat Daniali,1 Mollie A Ruben,2 Per M Aslaksen,3 Charlotte Fiskum,1 Ted J Kaptchuk,4 Magne A Flaten1 1Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; 2Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA; 3Department of Psychology, Ui...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Dove Medical Press
2024-04-01
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| Series: | Journal of Pain Research |
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| Online Access: | https://www.dovepress.com/the-effect-of-singular-nonverbal-behaviours-of-experimenters-on-pain-r-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JPR |
| _version_ | 1797222275742695424 |
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| author | Daniali H Ruben MA Aslaksen PM Fiskum C Kaptchuk TJ Flaten MA |
| author_facet | Daniali H Ruben MA Aslaksen PM Fiskum C Kaptchuk TJ Flaten MA |
| author_sort | Daniali H |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hojjat Daniali,1 Mollie A Ruben,2 Per M Aslaksen,3 Charlotte Fiskum,1 Ted J Kaptchuk,4 Magne A Flaten1 1Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; 2Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA; 3Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; 4Program in Placebo Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USACorrespondence: Hojjat Daniali, Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, NO-7491, Norway, Email hojjat.daniali@ntnu.noIntroduction: Studies suggest facial expressions of caregivers may be important in placebo effects; however, this has not been systematically tested. This experiment investigated the effects of caregivers’ singular positive nonverbal behaviours (NBs) on pain reports.Methods: Fifty-one males and 53 females (total of 104) participants were randomized to four groups that were displayed positive facial expressions, tone of voice, body movement, or neutral NBs of videotaped experimenters. Subjective reports of pain, stress, arousal, and cardiac activity were obtained in a pre-test, a conditioning phase, and at a post-test. Four minutes of heat pain was induced in each test, and a placebo cream was administered before the conditioning and post-test in all groups.Results: There were no differences between the NB groups in the reduced pain. Males had larger reduction in pain in the post-test, and females had lower arousal than the opposite sex. During the conditioning, females had larger reduction in pain ie, unconditioned pain response (UPR). In females, the UPR predicted the reinforced expectation ie, increase in expectations from conditioning to post-test, and fear of minor pain negatively predicted both the UPR and reinforced expectation.Discussion: Singular NBs of caregiver were weak to enhance placebo effects. Females had lower pain during conditioning, and the UPR amplitude in females was associated with positive expectations. Moreover, for females, fear of minor pain weakened the UPR and expectations of cream.Conclusion: No NB of caregivers is more effective in reducing pain. Caregivers’ NBs are less effective when displayed individually. Males and females may be different in underlying mechanisms of placebo effects.Keywords: placebo effects, subtle factors, nonverbal behaviours, heat pain, experimenter effects, pain report |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T13:18:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e956c5636a1e46408233dc0d9750c06c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1178-7090 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T13:18:45Z |
| publishDate | 2024-04-01 |
| publisher | Dove Medical Press |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Pain Research |
| spelling | doaj.art-e956c5636a1e46408233dc0d9750c06c2024-04-04T16:51:52ZengDove Medical PressJournal of Pain Research1178-70902024-04-01Volume 171345136091679The Effect of Singular Nonverbal Behaviours of Experimenters on Pain ReportsDaniali HRuben MAAslaksen PMFiskum CKaptchuk TJFlaten MAHojjat Daniali,1 Mollie A Ruben,2 Per M Aslaksen,3 Charlotte Fiskum,1 Ted J Kaptchuk,4 Magne A Flaten1 1Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; 2Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA; 3Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; 4Program in Placebo Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USACorrespondence: Hojjat Daniali, Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, NO-7491, Norway, Email hojjat.daniali@ntnu.noIntroduction: Studies suggest facial expressions of caregivers may be important in placebo effects; however, this has not been systematically tested. This experiment investigated the effects of caregivers’ singular positive nonverbal behaviours (NBs) on pain reports.Methods: Fifty-one males and 53 females (total of 104) participants were randomized to four groups that were displayed positive facial expressions, tone of voice, body movement, or neutral NBs of videotaped experimenters. Subjective reports of pain, stress, arousal, and cardiac activity were obtained in a pre-test, a conditioning phase, and at a post-test. Four minutes of heat pain was induced in each test, and a placebo cream was administered before the conditioning and post-test in all groups.Results: There were no differences between the NB groups in the reduced pain. Males had larger reduction in pain in the post-test, and females had lower arousal than the opposite sex. During the conditioning, females had larger reduction in pain ie, unconditioned pain response (UPR). In females, the UPR predicted the reinforced expectation ie, increase in expectations from conditioning to post-test, and fear of minor pain negatively predicted both the UPR and reinforced expectation.Discussion: Singular NBs of caregiver were weak to enhance placebo effects. Females had lower pain during conditioning, and the UPR amplitude in females was associated with positive expectations. Moreover, for females, fear of minor pain weakened the UPR and expectations of cream.Conclusion: No NB of caregivers is more effective in reducing pain. Caregivers’ NBs are less effective when displayed individually. Males and females may be different in underlying mechanisms of placebo effects.Keywords: placebo effects, subtle factors, nonverbal behaviours, heat pain, experimenter effects, pain reporthttps://www.dovepress.com/the-effect-of-singular-nonverbal-behaviours-of-experimenters-on-pain-r-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JPRplacebo effectssubtle factorsnonverbal behavioursheat painexperimenter effects. |
| spellingShingle | Daniali H Ruben MA Aslaksen PM Fiskum C Kaptchuk TJ Flaten MA The Effect of Singular Nonverbal Behaviours of Experimenters on Pain Reports Journal of Pain Research placebo effects subtle factors nonverbal behaviours heat pain experimenter effects. |
| title | The Effect of Singular Nonverbal Behaviours of Experimenters on Pain Reports |
| title_full | The Effect of Singular Nonverbal Behaviours of Experimenters on Pain Reports |
| title_fullStr | The Effect of Singular Nonverbal Behaviours of Experimenters on Pain Reports |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effect of Singular Nonverbal Behaviours of Experimenters on Pain Reports |
| title_short | The Effect of Singular Nonverbal Behaviours of Experimenters on Pain Reports |
| title_sort | effect of singular nonverbal behaviours of experimenters on pain reports |
| topic | placebo effects subtle factors nonverbal behaviours heat pain experimenter effects. |
| url | https://www.dovepress.com/the-effect-of-singular-nonverbal-behaviours-of-experimenters-on-pain-r-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JPR |
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