Effects of Multi-Growth Periods UAV Images on Classifying Karst Wetland Vegetation Communities Using Object-Based Optimization Stacking Algorithm
Combining machine learning algorithms with multi-temporal remote sensing data for fine classification of wetland vegetation has received wide attention from researchers. However, wetland vegetation has different physiological characteristics and phenological information in different growth periods,...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/16/4003 |
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| author | Ya Zhang Bolin Fu Xidong Sun Hang Yao Shurong Zhang Yan Wu Hongyuan Kuang Tengfang Deng |
| author_facet | Ya Zhang Bolin Fu Xidong Sun Hang Yao Shurong Zhang Yan Wu Hongyuan Kuang Tengfang Deng |
| author_sort | Ya Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Combining machine learning algorithms with multi-temporal remote sensing data for fine classification of wetland vegetation has received wide attention from researchers. However, wetland vegetation has different physiological characteristics and phenological information in different growth periods, so it is worth exploring how to use different growth period characteristics to achieve fine classification of vegetation communities. To resolve these issues, we developed an ensemble learning model by stacking Random Forest (RF), CatBoost, and XGBoost algorithms for karst wetland vegetation community mapping and evaluated its classification performance using three growth periods of UAV images. We constructed six classification scenarios to quantitatively evaluate the effects of combining multi-growth periods UAV images on identifying vegetation communities in the Huixian Karst Wetland of International Importance. Finally, we clarified the influence and contribution of different feature bands on vegetation communities’ classification from local and global perspectives based on the SHAP (Shapley Additive explanations) method. The results indicated that (1) the overall accuracies of the four algorithms ranged from 82.03% to 93.37%, and the classification performance was Stacking > CatBoost > RF > XGBoost in order. (2) The Stacking algorithm significantly improved the classification results of vegetation communities, especially Huakolasa, Reed-Imperate, Linden-Camphora, and Cephalanthus tetrandrus-Paliurus ramosissimus. Stacking had better classification performance and generalization ability than the other three machine learning algorithms. (3) Our study confirmed that the combination of spring, summer, and autumn growth periods of UAV images produced the highest classification accuracy (OA, 93.37%). In three growth periods, summer-based UAVs achieved the highest classification accuracy (OA, 85.94%), followed by spring (OA, 85.32%) and autumn (OA, 84.47%) growth period images. (4) The interpretation of black-box stacking model outputs found that vegetation indexes and texture features provided more significant contributions to classifying karst wetland vegetation communities than the original spectral bands, geometry features, and position features. The vegetation indexes (COM and NGBDI) and texture features (Homogeneity and Standard Deviation) were very sensitive when distinguishing Bermudagrass, Bamboo, and Linden-Camphora. These research findings provide a scientific basis for the protection, restoration, and sustainable development of karst wetlands. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:37:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e95bedb5c62e4acca1337ee62eaa95d3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:37:06Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
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| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-e95bedb5c62e4acca1337ee62eaa95d32023-11-19T02:53:11ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922023-08-011516400310.3390/rs15164003Effects of Multi-Growth Periods UAV Images on Classifying Karst Wetland Vegetation Communities Using Object-Based Optimization Stacking AlgorithmYa Zhang0Bolin Fu1Xidong Sun2Hang Yao3Shurong Zhang4Yan Wu5Hongyuan Kuang6Tengfang Deng7College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, ChinaCollege of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, ChinaCollege of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, ChinaCollege of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, ChinaCollege of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, ChinaCollege of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, ChinaCollege of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, ChinaCollege of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, ChinaCombining machine learning algorithms with multi-temporal remote sensing data for fine classification of wetland vegetation has received wide attention from researchers. However, wetland vegetation has different physiological characteristics and phenological information in different growth periods, so it is worth exploring how to use different growth period characteristics to achieve fine classification of vegetation communities. To resolve these issues, we developed an ensemble learning model by stacking Random Forest (RF), CatBoost, and XGBoost algorithms for karst wetland vegetation community mapping and evaluated its classification performance using three growth periods of UAV images. We constructed six classification scenarios to quantitatively evaluate the effects of combining multi-growth periods UAV images on identifying vegetation communities in the Huixian Karst Wetland of International Importance. Finally, we clarified the influence and contribution of different feature bands on vegetation communities’ classification from local and global perspectives based on the SHAP (Shapley Additive explanations) method. The results indicated that (1) the overall accuracies of the four algorithms ranged from 82.03% to 93.37%, and the classification performance was Stacking > CatBoost > RF > XGBoost in order. (2) The Stacking algorithm significantly improved the classification results of vegetation communities, especially Huakolasa, Reed-Imperate, Linden-Camphora, and Cephalanthus tetrandrus-Paliurus ramosissimus. Stacking had better classification performance and generalization ability than the other three machine learning algorithms. (3) Our study confirmed that the combination of spring, summer, and autumn growth periods of UAV images produced the highest classification accuracy (OA, 93.37%). In three growth periods, summer-based UAVs achieved the highest classification accuracy (OA, 85.94%), followed by spring (OA, 85.32%) and autumn (OA, 84.47%) growth period images. (4) The interpretation of black-box stacking model outputs found that vegetation indexes and texture features provided more significant contributions to classifying karst wetland vegetation communities than the original spectral bands, geometry features, and position features. The vegetation indexes (COM and NGBDI) and texture features (Homogeneity and Standard Deviation) were very sensitive when distinguishing Bermudagrass, Bamboo, and Linden-Camphora. These research findings provide a scientific basis for the protection, restoration, and sustainable development of karst wetlands.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/16/4003karst wetlandvegetation communities’ classificationmulti-growth periodsstacking ensemble learning algorithmSHAP Visual AnalysisUAV imagery |
| spellingShingle | Ya Zhang Bolin Fu Xidong Sun Hang Yao Shurong Zhang Yan Wu Hongyuan Kuang Tengfang Deng Effects of Multi-Growth Periods UAV Images on Classifying Karst Wetland Vegetation Communities Using Object-Based Optimization Stacking Algorithm Remote Sensing karst wetland vegetation communities’ classification multi-growth periods stacking ensemble learning algorithm SHAP Visual Analysis UAV imagery |
| title | Effects of Multi-Growth Periods UAV Images on Classifying Karst Wetland Vegetation Communities Using Object-Based Optimization Stacking Algorithm |
| title_full | Effects of Multi-Growth Periods UAV Images on Classifying Karst Wetland Vegetation Communities Using Object-Based Optimization Stacking Algorithm |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Multi-Growth Periods UAV Images on Classifying Karst Wetland Vegetation Communities Using Object-Based Optimization Stacking Algorithm |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Multi-Growth Periods UAV Images on Classifying Karst Wetland Vegetation Communities Using Object-Based Optimization Stacking Algorithm |
| title_short | Effects of Multi-Growth Periods UAV Images on Classifying Karst Wetland Vegetation Communities Using Object-Based Optimization Stacking Algorithm |
| title_sort | effects of multi growth periods uav images on classifying karst wetland vegetation communities using object based optimization stacking algorithm |
| topic | karst wetland vegetation communities’ classification multi-growth periods stacking ensemble learning algorithm SHAP Visual Analysis UAV imagery |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/16/4003 |
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