Concentrations of Tetrabromobisphenol-A and hexabromocyclododecane in Thai child daycare centre dust and the exposure risk for young children
Children spend one-third of their day in child daycare centres, where they may be exposed to toxic chemicals, such as tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), from indoor dust. However, studies on the exposure of TBBPA and HBCDD in schools remain scarce, especially in Thaila...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Emerging Contaminants |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405665023000276 |
| _version_ | 1797660342621306880 |
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| author | Sonthinee Waiyarat Suwanna Kitpati Boontanon Narin Boontanon Stuart Harrad Daniel Simon Drage Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah Kanitthika Santhaweesuk |
| author_facet | Sonthinee Waiyarat Suwanna Kitpati Boontanon Narin Boontanon Stuart Harrad Daniel Simon Drage Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah Kanitthika Santhaweesuk |
| author_sort | Sonthinee Waiyarat |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Children spend one-third of their day in child daycare centres, where they may be exposed to toxic chemicals, such as tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), from indoor dust. However, studies on the exposure of TBBPA and HBCDD in schools remain scarce, especially in Thailand, where no such study has yet been reported. Therefore, in this study, we collected dust samples from 20 child daycare centres in Thailand and analysed them for flame retardants, TBBPA and HBCDD. TBBPA was detected in all samples with a median concentration of 35 ng g−1 (range, 14–5017.7 ng g−1). The median level of HBCDD was lower than the quantitation limit (LOQ) with <LOQ to 86.6 ng g−1 of dust sample. The electronic density score was calculated from the number of electronic appliances divided by each sampled surface floor area that revealed an abundance of TBBPA in the dust in rooms with many electronic items. The use of electronic devices, especially printers, that were found to be related to the high TBBPA concentration in the room, should be minimised in child daycare centres. The children's exposure to these chemicals from dust was estimated for dust ingestion and dermal absorption. The combined exposure was lower than the established reference dose value, and the hazard quotient for children via these two pathways were ranged 0.7 × 10−6 – 2.7 × 10−4 for TBBPA and 1.8 × 10−5 – 4.9 × 10−5 for HBCDD, which did not exceed 1.0. Although there is uncertainty regarding the potential health effects of long-term exposure to these substances, it is undeniable that child daycare centres represent a source of exposure to these substances for children. Further investigation of other intake routes of several flame retardants in child daycare centres and identification of the sources of these substances is warranted to decrease children's health risks from exposure to these harmful substances in child daycare centres. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T18:28:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e95c0b054fe745978c5c56ccdb0d97ca |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2405-6650 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T18:28:26Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Emerging Contaminants |
| spelling | doaj.art-e95c0b054fe745978c5c56ccdb0d97ca2023-10-13T13:55:06ZengKeAi Communications Co., Ltd.Emerging Contaminants2405-66502023-09-0193100229Concentrations of Tetrabromobisphenol-A and hexabromocyclododecane in Thai child daycare centre dust and the exposure risk for young childrenSonthinee Waiyarat0Suwanna Kitpati Boontanon1Narin Boontanon2Stuart Harrad3Daniel Simon Drage4Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah5Kanitthika Santhaweesuk6Graduate Program in Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; Bodhivijjalaya College, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok, ThailandGraduate Program in Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, Japan; Corresponding author. Graduate Program in Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, ThailandSchool of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UKSchool of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4103, AustraliaSchool of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UKGraduate Program in Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, ThailandChildren spend one-third of their day in child daycare centres, where they may be exposed to toxic chemicals, such as tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), from indoor dust. However, studies on the exposure of TBBPA and HBCDD in schools remain scarce, especially in Thailand, where no such study has yet been reported. Therefore, in this study, we collected dust samples from 20 child daycare centres in Thailand and analysed them for flame retardants, TBBPA and HBCDD. TBBPA was detected in all samples with a median concentration of 35 ng g−1 (range, 14–5017.7 ng g−1). The median level of HBCDD was lower than the quantitation limit (LOQ) with <LOQ to 86.6 ng g−1 of dust sample. The electronic density score was calculated from the number of electronic appliances divided by each sampled surface floor area that revealed an abundance of TBBPA in the dust in rooms with many electronic items. The use of electronic devices, especially printers, that were found to be related to the high TBBPA concentration in the room, should be minimised in child daycare centres. The children's exposure to these chemicals from dust was estimated for dust ingestion and dermal absorption. The combined exposure was lower than the established reference dose value, and the hazard quotient for children via these two pathways were ranged 0.7 × 10−6 – 2.7 × 10−4 for TBBPA and 1.8 × 10−5 – 4.9 × 10−5 for HBCDD, which did not exceed 1.0. Although there is uncertainty regarding the potential health effects of long-term exposure to these substances, it is undeniable that child daycare centres represent a source of exposure to these substances for children. Further investigation of other intake routes of several flame retardants in child daycare centres and identification of the sources of these substances is warranted to decrease children's health risks from exposure to these harmful substances in child daycare centres.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405665023000276Flame retardantHexabromocyclododecaneTetrabromobisphenol-ADustChild daycare centreExposure assessment |
| spellingShingle | Sonthinee Waiyarat Suwanna Kitpati Boontanon Narin Boontanon Stuart Harrad Daniel Simon Drage Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah Kanitthika Santhaweesuk Concentrations of Tetrabromobisphenol-A and hexabromocyclododecane in Thai child daycare centre dust and the exposure risk for young children Emerging Contaminants Flame retardant Hexabromocyclododecane Tetrabromobisphenol-A Dust Child daycare centre Exposure assessment |
| title | Concentrations of Tetrabromobisphenol-A and hexabromocyclododecane in Thai child daycare centre dust and the exposure risk for young children |
| title_full | Concentrations of Tetrabromobisphenol-A and hexabromocyclododecane in Thai child daycare centre dust and the exposure risk for young children |
| title_fullStr | Concentrations of Tetrabromobisphenol-A and hexabromocyclododecane in Thai child daycare centre dust and the exposure risk for young children |
| title_full_unstemmed | Concentrations of Tetrabromobisphenol-A and hexabromocyclododecane in Thai child daycare centre dust and the exposure risk for young children |
| title_short | Concentrations of Tetrabromobisphenol-A and hexabromocyclododecane in Thai child daycare centre dust and the exposure risk for young children |
| title_sort | concentrations of tetrabromobisphenol a and hexabromocyclododecane in thai child daycare centre dust and the exposure risk for young children |
| topic | Flame retardant Hexabromocyclododecane Tetrabromobisphenol-A Dust Child daycare centre Exposure assessment |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405665023000276 |
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