Mycotoxin Metabolism by Edible Insects
Mycotoxins are a group of toxic secondary metabolites produced in the food chain by fungi through the infection of crops both before and after harvest. Mycotoxins are one of the most important food safety concerns due to their severe poisonous and carcinogenic effects on humans and animals upon inge...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/3/217 |
| _version_ | 1797441386157441024 |
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| author | Natasha Marie Evans Suqin Shao |
| author_facet | Natasha Marie Evans Suqin Shao |
| author_sort | Natasha Marie Evans |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Mycotoxins are a group of toxic secondary metabolites produced in the food chain by fungi through the infection of crops both before and after harvest. Mycotoxins are one of the most important food safety concerns due to their severe poisonous and carcinogenic effects on humans and animals upon ingestion. In the last decade, insects have received wide attention as a highly nutritious, efficient and sustainable source of animal-derived protein and caloric energy for feed and food purposes. Many insects have been used to convert food waste into animal feed. As food waste might contain mycotoxins, research has been conducted on the metabolism and detoxification of mycotoxins by edible insects. The mycotoxins that have been studied include aflatoxins, fumonisins, zearalenone (ZEN), vomitoxin or deoxynivalenol (DON), and ochratoxins (OTAs). Aflatoxin metabolism is proved through the production of hydroxylated metabolites by NADPH-dependent reductases and hydroxylases by different insects. ZEN can be metabolized into α- and β-zearalenol. Three DON metabolites, 3-, 15-acetyl-DON, and DON-3-glucoside, have been identified in the insect DON metabolites. Unfortunately, the resulting metabolites, involved enzymes, and detoxification mechanisms of OTAs and fumonisins within insects have yet to be identified. Previous studies have been focused on the insect tolerance to mycotoxins and the produced metabolites; further research needs to be conducted to understand the exact enzymes and pathways that are involved. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:22:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e9634a1d20f2481bab80880a2360c6ea |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:22:18Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-e9634a1d20f2481bab80880a2360c6ea2023-11-30T22:39:42ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512022-03-0114321710.3390/toxins14030217Mycotoxin Metabolism by Edible InsectsNatasha Marie Evans0Suqin Shao1Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, CanadaGuelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, CanadaMycotoxins are a group of toxic secondary metabolites produced in the food chain by fungi through the infection of crops both before and after harvest. Mycotoxins are one of the most important food safety concerns due to their severe poisonous and carcinogenic effects on humans and animals upon ingestion. In the last decade, insects have received wide attention as a highly nutritious, efficient and sustainable source of animal-derived protein and caloric energy for feed and food purposes. Many insects have been used to convert food waste into animal feed. As food waste might contain mycotoxins, research has been conducted on the metabolism and detoxification of mycotoxins by edible insects. The mycotoxins that have been studied include aflatoxins, fumonisins, zearalenone (ZEN), vomitoxin or deoxynivalenol (DON), and ochratoxins (OTAs). Aflatoxin metabolism is proved through the production of hydroxylated metabolites by NADPH-dependent reductases and hydroxylases by different insects. ZEN can be metabolized into α- and β-zearalenol. Three DON metabolites, 3-, 15-acetyl-DON, and DON-3-glucoside, have been identified in the insect DON metabolites. Unfortunately, the resulting metabolites, involved enzymes, and detoxification mechanisms of OTAs and fumonisins within insects have yet to be identified. Previous studies have been focused on the insect tolerance to mycotoxins and the produced metabolites; further research needs to be conducted to understand the exact enzymes and pathways that are involved.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/3/217mycotoxinsedible insectsaflatoxinsfumonisinszearalenonesdeoxynivalenol |
| spellingShingle | Natasha Marie Evans Suqin Shao Mycotoxin Metabolism by Edible Insects Toxins mycotoxins edible insects aflatoxins fumonisins zearalenones deoxynivalenol |
| title | Mycotoxin Metabolism by Edible Insects |
| title_full | Mycotoxin Metabolism by Edible Insects |
| title_fullStr | Mycotoxin Metabolism by Edible Insects |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mycotoxin Metabolism by Edible Insects |
| title_short | Mycotoxin Metabolism by Edible Insects |
| title_sort | mycotoxin metabolism by edible insects |
| topic | mycotoxins edible insects aflatoxins fumonisins zearalenones deoxynivalenol |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/3/217 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT natashamarieevans mycotoxinmetabolismbyedibleinsects AT suqinshao mycotoxinmetabolismbyedibleinsects |