Effects of exposure to surrounding green, air pollution and traffic noise with non-accidental and cause-specific mortality in the Dutch national cohort
Abstract Background Everyday people are exposed to multiple environmental factors, such as surrounding green, air pollution and traffic noise. These exposures are generally spatially correlated. Hence, when estimating associations of surrounding green, air pollution or traffic noise with health outc...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Environmental Health |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00769-0 |
| _version_ | 1818886233100648448 |
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| author | Jochem O. Klompmaker Nicole A. H. Janssen Lizan D. Bloemsma Marten Marra Erik Lebret Ulrike Gehring Gerard Hoek |
| author_facet | Jochem O. Klompmaker Nicole A. H. Janssen Lizan D. Bloemsma Marten Marra Erik Lebret Ulrike Gehring Gerard Hoek |
| author_sort | Jochem O. Klompmaker |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Everyday people are exposed to multiple environmental factors, such as surrounding green, air pollution and traffic noise. These exposures are generally spatially correlated. Hence, when estimating associations of surrounding green, air pollution or traffic noise with health outcomes, the other exposures should be taken into account. The aim of this study was to evaluate associations of long-term residential exposure to surrounding green, air pollution and traffic noise with mortality. Methods We followed approximately 10.5 million adults (aged ≥ 30 years) living in the Netherlands from 1 January 2013 until 31 December 2018. We used Cox proportional hazard models to evaluate associations of residential surrounding green (including the average Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in buffers of 300 and 1000 m), annual average ambient air pollutant concentrations [including particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2)] and traffic noise with non-accidental and cause-specific mortality, adjusting for potential confounders. Results In single-exposure models, surrounding green was negatively associated with all mortality outcomes, while air pollution was positively associated with all outcomes. In two-exposure models, associations of surrounding green and air pollution attenuated but remained. For respiratory mortality, in a two-exposure model with NO2 and NDVI 300 m, the HR of NO2 was 1.040 (95%CI: 1.022, 1.059) per IQR increase (8.3 µg/m3) and the HR of NDVI 300 m was 0.964 (95%CI: 0.952, 0.976) per IQR increase (0.14). Road-traffic noise was positively associated with lung cancer mortality only, also after adjustment for air pollution or surrounding green. Conclusions Lower surrounding green and higher air pollution were associated with a higher risk of non-accidental and cause-specific mortality. Studies including only one of these correlated exposures may overestimate the associations with mortality of that exposure. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-19T16:18:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e972d02fac4f4a829343a90087dc443f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1476-069X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-19T16:18:04Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Environmental Health |
| spelling | doaj.art-e972d02fac4f4a829343a90087dc443f2022-12-21T20:14:34ZengBMCEnvironmental Health1476-069X2021-07-0120111610.1186/s12940-021-00769-0Effects of exposure to surrounding green, air pollution and traffic noise with non-accidental and cause-specific mortality in the Dutch national cohortJochem O. Klompmaker0Nicole A. H. Janssen1Lizan D. Bloemsma2Marten Marra3Erik Lebret4Ulrike Gehring5Gerard Hoek6National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht UniversityInstitute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht UniversityAbstract Background Everyday people are exposed to multiple environmental factors, such as surrounding green, air pollution and traffic noise. These exposures are generally spatially correlated. Hence, when estimating associations of surrounding green, air pollution or traffic noise with health outcomes, the other exposures should be taken into account. The aim of this study was to evaluate associations of long-term residential exposure to surrounding green, air pollution and traffic noise with mortality. Methods We followed approximately 10.5 million adults (aged ≥ 30 years) living in the Netherlands from 1 January 2013 until 31 December 2018. We used Cox proportional hazard models to evaluate associations of residential surrounding green (including the average Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in buffers of 300 and 1000 m), annual average ambient air pollutant concentrations [including particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2)] and traffic noise with non-accidental and cause-specific mortality, adjusting for potential confounders. Results In single-exposure models, surrounding green was negatively associated with all mortality outcomes, while air pollution was positively associated with all outcomes. In two-exposure models, associations of surrounding green and air pollution attenuated but remained. For respiratory mortality, in a two-exposure model with NO2 and NDVI 300 m, the HR of NO2 was 1.040 (95%CI: 1.022, 1.059) per IQR increase (8.3 µg/m3) and the HR of NDVI 300 m was 0.964 (95%CI: 0.952, 0.976) per IQR increase (0.14). Road-traffic noise was positively associated with lung cancer mortality only, also after adjustment for air pollution or surrounding green. Conclusions Lower surrounding green and higher air pollution were associated with a higher risk of non-accidental and cause-specific mortality. Studies including only one of these correlated exposures may overestimate the associations with mortality of that exposure.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00769-0GreennessAir pollutionNoiseCombined effectsMortality |
| spellingShingle | Jochem O. Klompmaker Nicole A. H. Janssen Lizan D. Bloemsma Marten Marra Erik Lebret Ulrike Gehring Gerard Hoek Effects of exposure to surrounding green, air pollution and traffic noise with non-accidental and cause-specific mortality in the Dutch national cohort Environmental Health Greenness Air pollution Noise Combined effects Mortality |
| title | Effects of exposure to surrounding green, air pollution and traffic noise with non-accidental and cause-specific mortality in the Dutch national cohort |
| title_full | Effects of exposure to surrounding green, air pollution and traffic noise with non-accidental and cause-specific mortality in the Dutch national cohort |
| title_fullStr | Effects of exposure to surrounding green, air pollution and traffic noise with non-accidental and cause-specific mortality in the Dutch national cohort |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of exposure to surrounding green, air pollution and traffic noise with non-accidental and cause-specific mortality in the Dutch national cohort |
| title_short | Effects of exposure to surrounding green, air pollution and traffic noise with non-accidental and cause-specific mortality in the Dutch national cohort |
| title_sort | effects of exposure to surrounding green air pollution and traffic noise with non accidental and cause specific mortality in the dutch national cohort |
| topic | Greenness Air pollution Noise Combined effects Mortality |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00769-0 |
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