Atmospheric Deposition around the Industrial Areas of Milazzo and Priolo Gargallo (Sicily–Italy)—Part B: Trace Elements
The concentrations of trace elements in atmospheric bulk depositions (wet plus dry) were investigated from two highly industrialised areas of Sicily (southern Italy) from June 2018 to July 2019, in order to recognise the main natural and anthropogenic sources. A side objective of this study was to i...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Atmosphere |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/4/737 |
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| author | Filippo Brugnone Walter D’Alessandro Francesco Parello Lorenzo Brusca Filippo Saiano Lorenza Li Vigni Mario Sprovieri Sergio Calabrese |
| author_facet | Filippo Brugnone Walter D’Alessandro Francesco Parello Lorenzo Brusca Filippo Saiano Lorenza Li Vigni Mario Sprovieri Sergio Calabrese |
| author_sort | Filippo Brugnone |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The concentrations of trace elements in atmospheric bulk depositions (wet plus dry) were investigated from two highly industrialised areas of Sicily (southern Italy) from June 2018 to July 2019, in order to recognise the main natural and anthropogenic sources. A side objective of this study was to improve the common sampling procedures and analytical methods used for monitoring trace elements in atmospheric deposition. The trace element VWM (Volume-Weighted Mean) concentrations ranged from less than 0.01 μg L<sup>−1</sup> for trace elements such as Cs, Tl, and U, up to 24 μg L<sup>−1</sup> for minor elements (Al, Zn, Sr), in the filtered aliquot, while they reached concentrations up to 144 μg L<sup>−1</sup> for the same elements, in the unfiltered aliquot. Therefore, significant differences in concentrations between these two aliquots were found, particularly for Al, Fe, Ti, Zn, Cr, Pb, Se, Cs, and U. This implies that filtering operations may produce a consistent underestimation of concentrations of certain ‘constituents’ of the atmospheric deposition. Natural (marine spray, local and regional geogenic input, volcanic emanations) and anthropogenic sources (industrial emissions, auto vehicular traffic, and diffuse background pollution) which influence rainwater chemistry were identified. Enrichment factors (EFs), with respect to the upper crust composition, provided clear evidence of the different sources above mentioned: Ti, Fe, Al, Cs, Cr, Rb, and Co have low EFs (<1), and are referable to the (local and/or regional) geogenic input, while Se, Sb, Zn, B, Cd, Cu, Mo, Sr, As, with high EFs (>10), highlight the influence of marine and/or industrial sources. The study produced a novel dataset on the atmospheric deposition rate of several trace elements, which had never been studied in the investigated areas. Finally, a comparison of trace element deposition rates in the studied areas with the atmospheric deposition reported for 53 different sites, belonging to 20 different European nations, was made. The comparison showed that some elements, such as Al, V, Zn, and Mo had higher median deposition fluxes in the Sicilian sites than in European monitoring sites. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:15:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e9756b3e2a054f64954bffe99b161984 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:15:30Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-e9756b3e2a054f64954bffe99b1619842023-11-17T18:18:03ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332023-04-0114473710.3390/atmos14040737Atmospheric Deposition around the Industrial Areas of Milazzo and Priolo Gargallo (Sicily–Italy)—Part B: Trace ElementsFilippo Brugnone0Walter D’Alessandro1Francesco Parello2Lorenzo Brusca3Filippo Saiano4Lorenza Li Vigni5Mario Sprovieri6Sergio Calabrese7Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 36, 90123 Palermo, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Section of Palermo Via Ugo la Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 36, 90123 Palermo, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Section of Palermo Via Ugo la Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze ed.4, 90128 Palermo, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 36, 90123 Palermo, ItalyIstituto per lo Studio degli Impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in Ambiente Marino, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IAS—CNR), Capo Granitola, Via del Mare, 3, 91021 Campobello di Mazara, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 36, 90123 Palermo, ItalyThe concentrations of trace elements in atmospheric bulk depositions (wet plus dry) were investigated from two highly industrialised areas of Sicily (southern Italy) from June 2018 to July 2019, in order to recognise the main natural and anthropogenic sources. A side objective of this study was to improve the common sampling procedures and analytical methods used for monitoring trace elements in atmospheric deposition. The trace element VWM (Volume-Weighted Mean) concentrations ranged from less than 0.01 μg L<sup>−1</sup> for trace elements such as Cs, Tl, and U, up to 24 μg L<sup>−1</sup> for minor elements (Al, Zn, Sr), in the filtered aliquot, while they reached concentrations up to 144 μg L<sup>−1</sup> for the same elements, in the unfiltered aliquot. Therefore, significant differences in concentrations between these two aliquots were found, particularly for Al, Fe, Ti, Zn, Cr, Pb, Se, Cs, and U. This implies that filtering operations may produce a consistent underestimation of concentrations of certain ‘constituents’ of the atmospheric deposition. Natural (marine spray, local and regional geogenic input, volcanic emanations) and anthropogenic sources (industrial emissions, auto vehicular traffic, and diffuse background pollution) which influence rainwater chemistry were identified. Enrichment factors (EFs), with respect to the upper crust composition, provided clear evidence of the different sources above mentioned: Ti, Fe, Al, Cs, Cr, Rb, and Co have low EFs (<1), and are referable to the (local and/or regional) geogenic input, while Se, Sb, Zn, B, Cd, Cu, Mo, Sr, As, with high EFs (>10), highlight the influence of marine and/or industrial sources. The study produced a novel dataset on the atmospheric deposition rate of several trace elements, which had never been studied in the investigated areas. Finally, a comparison of trace element deposition rates in the studied areas with the atmospheric deposition reported for 53 different sites, belonging to 20 different European nations, was made. The comparison showed that some elements, such as Al, V, Zn, and Mo had higher median deposition fluxes in the Sicilian sites than in European monitoring sites.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/4/737atmospheric depositionrainwaterindustrial pollutiontrace elementsanthropogenic contribution |
| spellingShingle | Filippo Brugnone Walter D’Alessandro Francesco Parello Lorenzo Brusca Filippo Saiano Lorenza Li Vigni Mario Sprovieri Sergio Calabrese Atmospheric Deposition around the Industrial Areas of Milazzo and Priolo Gargallo (Sicily–Italy)—Part B: Trace Elements Atmosphere atmospheric deposition rainwater industrial pollution trace elements anthropogenic contribution |
| title | Atmospheric Deposition around the Industrial Areas of Milazzo and Priolo Gargallo (Sicily–Italy)—Part B: Trace Elements |
| title_full | Atmospheric Deposition around the Industrial Areas of Milazzo and Priolo Gargallo (Sicily–Italy)—Part B: Trace Elements |
| title_fullStr | Atmospheric Deposition around the Industrial Areas of Milazzo and Priolo Gargallo (Sicily–Italy)—Part B: Trace Elements |
| title_full_unstemmed | Atmospheric Deposition around the Industrial Areas of Milazzo and Priolo Gargallo (Sicily–Italy)—Part B: Trace Elements |
| title_short | Atmospheric Deposition around the Industrial Areas of Milazzo and Priolo Gargallo (Sicily–Italy)—Part B: Trace Elements |
| title_sort | atmospheric deposition around the industrial areas of milazzo and priolo gargallo sicily italy part b trace elements |
| topic | atmospheric deposition rainwater industrial pollution trace elements anthropogenic contribution |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/4/737 |
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