A Flexible and Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna with Small Dimensions and Simple Layout for Wireless Communication Systems Operating over 1.65–2.51 GHz
This research article proposes a compact frequency and pattern reconfigurable flexible antenna for heterogeneous applications. A triangular monopole antenna with a semicircular stub is made frequency and pattern tunable by connecting and disconnecting two inverted L-shaped stubs utilizing diodes. Wh...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-03-01
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| Series: | Electronics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/10/5/601 |
| _version_ | 1797414211278602240 |
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| author | Adnan Ghaffar Xue Jun Li Wahaj Abbas Awan Aqeel Hussain Naqvi Niamat Hussain Mohammad Alibakhshikenari Ernesto Limiti |
| author_facet | Adnan Ghaffar Xue Jun Li Wahaj Abbas Awan Aqeel Hussain Naqvi Niamat Hussain Mohammad Alibakhshikenari Ernesto Limiti |
| author_sort | Adnan Ghaffar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This research article proposes a compact frequency and pattern reconfigurable flexible antenna for heterogeneous applications. A triangular monopole antenna with a semicircular stub is made frequency and pattern tunable by connecting and disconnecting two inverted L-shaped stubs utilizing diodes. When either of the stubs is connected to the radiator, a relative phase difference happens at both ends of the radiator that changes the direction of the electromagnetic radiations, consequently pattern reconfigurability can be obtain. Besides that, because of the reactive load introduced by the stubs, the antenna’s effective length has changed and, as a result, the frequency reconfigurability can be attained. The antenna features a compact size of 40 × 50 × 0.254 mm<sup>3</sup> corresponding to 0.22λ<sub>o</sub> × 0.27λ<sub>o</sub> × 0.001λ<sub>o</sub>, where λ<sub>o</sub> is free-space wavelength at 1.65 GHz, while its operational bandwidth is from 1.65 GHz to 2.51 GHz, with an average gain and radiation efficiency of better than 2.2 dBi and 80%, exhibiting a pattern reconfigurability of 180° in the <i>E</i>-plane. The frequency of the proposed antenna can be switched from 2.1 GHz to 1.8 GHz by switching the state of both diodes in OFF and ON-state, respectively. The fabricated prototype of the antenna is tested to verify its performance parameters. In addition, to validate the proposed design, it has been compared with prior arts in terms of the overall size, reconfigurability type, flexibility, radio frequency (RF) switch type used for reconfigurability, and frequency bandwidth. The proposed antenna provides smaller size with a large bandwidth coverage alongside with discrete RF switch type with the advantages of flexibility and both frequency and pattern reconfigurability. As a result, the proposed compact flexible and pattern reconfigurable antenna is a promising candidate for heterogeneous applications, including the global system for mobile (GSM) band (1800 and 1900 MHz) and industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band (2.4 GHz) along with well-known cellular communication bands of 3G, 4G, and long term evolution (LTE) bands ranging from 1700–2300 MHz around the globe. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:29:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e97cc2d9ed9f4816b9201ed7741a0f16 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-9292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:29:47Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Electronics |
| spelling | doaj.art-e97cc2d9ed9f4816b9201ed7741a0f162023-12-03T12:34:20ZengMDPI AGElectronics2079-92922021-03-0110560110.3390/electronics10050601A Flexible and Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna with Small Dimensions and Simple Layout for Wireless Communication Systems Operating over 1.65–2.51 GHzAdnan Ghaffar0Xue Jun Li1Wahaj Abbas Awan2Aqeel Hussain Naqvi3Niamat Hussain4Mohammad Alibakhshikenari5Ernesto Limiti6Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New ZealandDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New ZealandDepartment of Integrated IT Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, KoreaSchool of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156756, KoreaDepartment of Computer and Communication Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, KoreaElectronic Engineering Department, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, ItalyElectronic Engineering Department, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, ItalyThis research article proposes a compact frequency and pattern reconfigurable flexible antenna for heterogeneous applications. A triangular monopole antenna with a semicircular stub is made frequency and pattern tunable by connecting and disconnecting two inverted L-shaped stubs utilizing diodes. When either of the stubs is connected to the radiator, a relative phase difference happens at both ends of the radiator that changes the direction of the electromagnetic radiations, consequently pattern reconfigurability can be obtain. Besides that, because of the reactive load introduced by the stubs, the antenna’s effective length has changed and, as a result, the frequency reconfigurability can be attained. The antenna features a compact size of 40 × 50 × 0.254 mm<sup>3</sup> corresponding to 0.22λ<sub>o</sub> × 0.27λ<sub>o</sub> × 0.001λ<sub>o</sub>, where λ<sub>o</sub> is free-space wavelength at 1.65 GHz, while its operational bandwidth is from 1.65 GHz to 2.51 GHz, with an average gain and radiation efficiency of better than 2.2 dBi and 80%, exhibiting a pattern reconfigurability of 180° in the <i>E</i>-plane. The frequency of the proposed antenna can be switched from 2.1 GHz to 1.8 GHz by switching the state of both diodes in OFF and ON-state, respectively. The fabricated prototype of the antenna is tested to verify its performance parameters. In addition, to validate the proposed design, it has been compared with prior arts in terms of the overall size, reconfigurability type, flexibility, radio frequency (RF) switch type used for reconfigurability, and frequency bandwidth. The proposed antenna provides smaller size with a large bandwidth coverage alongside with discrete RF switch type with the advantages of flexibility and both frequency and pattern reconfigurability. As a result, the proposed compact flexible and pattern reconfigurable antenna is a promising candidate for heterogeneous applications, including the global system for mobile (GSM) band (1800 and 1900 MHz) and industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band (2.4 GHz) along with well-known cellular communication bands of 3G, 4G, and long term evolution (LTE) bands ranging from 1700–2300 MHz around the globe.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/10/5/601flexible antennafrequency reconfigurabilitypattern reconfigurable3G4G |
| spellingShingle | Adnan Ghaffar Xue Jun Li Wahaj Abbas Awan Aqeel Hussain Naqvi Niamat Hussain Mohammad Alibakhshikenari Ernesto Limiti A Flexible and Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna with Small Dimensions and Simple Layout for Wireless Communication Systems Operating over 1.65–2.51 GHz Electronics flexible antenna frequency reconfigurability pattern reconfigurable 3G 4G |
| title | A Flexible and Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna with Small Dimensions and Simple Layout for Wireless Communication Systems Operating over 1.65–2.51 GHz |
| title_full | A Flexible and Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna with Small Dimensions and Simple Layout for Wireless Communication Systems Operating over 1.65–2.51 GHz |
| title_fullStr | A Flexible and Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna with Small Dimensions and Simple Layout for Wireless Communication Systems Operating over 1.65–2.51 GHz |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Flexible and Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna with Small Dimensions and Simple Layout for Wireless Communication Systems Operating over 1.65–2.51 GHz |
| title_short | A Flexible and Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna with Small Dimensions and Simple Layout for Wireless Communication Systems Operating over 1.65–2.51 GHz |
| title_sort | flexible and pattern reconfigurable antenna with small dimensions and simple layout for wireless communication systems operating over 1 65 2 51 ghz |
| topic | flexible antenna frequency reconfigurability pattern reconfigurable 3G 4G |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/10/5/601 |
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