Scattering and Attenuation in 5G Electromagnetic Propagation (5 GHz and 25 GHz) in the Presence of Rainfall: A Numerical Study
Rainfall has always been a concern for wireless communications systems. As 5G technology relies on high-frequency bands, it is fundamental to model and simulate the interaction of such radio waves with rainfall, as the deployment of large-scale infrastructure for 5G is highly expensive. This researc...
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| author | Gabriela Aurora Yáñez-Casas Carlos Couder-Castañeda Jorge Javier Hernández-Gómez Mauro Alberto Enciso-Aguilar |
| author_facet | Gabriela Aurora Yáñez-Casas Carlos Couder-Castañeda Jorge Javier Hernández-Gómez Mauro Alberto Enciso-Aguilar |
| author_sort | Gabriela Aurora Yáñez-Casas |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Rainfall has always been a concern for wireless communications systems. As 5G technology relies on high-frequency bands, it is fundamental to model and simulate the interaction of such radio waves with rainfall, as the deployment of large-scale infrastructure for 5G is highly expensive. This research presents a reformulation of the Maxwell equations for a bi-dimensional space in a transverse electric propagation mode, for a linear, inhomogeneous, and isotropic propagation medium with its magnetic and electric properties dependent on time. This reformulation was solved using the Finite Differences in Time Domain (FDTD) method with the Convolutional Perfectly Matched Layer (CPML) boundary condition. Two main frequency propagation scenarios were studied: 5 GHz (corresponding to Wi-Fi in the 802.11n standard as well as to the lowest bands of 5G) and 25 GHz (corresponding to 5G), within a <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>10</mn><mspace width="4.pt"></mspace><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mo>×</mo><mn>3</mn><mspace width="4.pt"></mspace><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> rectangular domain in air and with rain. The rainfall was simulated using a parallel Ziggurat algorithm. According to the findings, while 5 GHz waves experience scattering processes, 25 GHz waves experience substantial dispersion and attenuation throughout the domain in low- to moderate-intensity rain. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:41:12Z |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:41:12Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-e9ce18e7578e4d629b3854b6ac272b0d2023-11-19T14:43:00ZengMDPI AGMathematics2227-73902023-09-011119407410.3390/math11194074Scattering and Attenuation in 5G Electromagnetic Propagation (5 GHz and 25 GHz) in the Presence of Rainfall: A Numerical StudyGabriela Aurora Yáñez-Casas0Carlos Couder-Castañeda1Jorge Javier Hernández-Gómez2Mauro Alberto Enciso-Aguilar3Centro de Desarrollo Aeroespacial, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Belisario Domínguez 22, Centro, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 06010, MexicoCentro de Desarrollo Aeroespacial, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Belisario Domínguez 22, Centro, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 06010, MexicoCentro de Desarrollo Aeroespacial, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Belisario Domínguez 22, Centro, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 06010, MexicoSección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica Unidad Zacatenco, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Luis Enrique Erro S/N, Unidad Profesional “Adolfo López Mateos”, San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07738, MexicoRainfall has always been a concern for wireless communications systems. As 5G technology relies on high-frequency bands, it is fundamental to model and simulate the interaction of such radio waves with rainfall, as the deployment of large-scale infrastructure for 5G is highly expensive. This research presents a reformulation of the Maxwell equations for a bi-dimensional space in a transverse electric propagation mode, for a linear, inhomogeneous, and isotropic propagation medium with its magnetic and electric properties dependent on time. This reformulation was solved using the Finite Differences in Time Domain (FDTD) method with the Convolutional Perfectly Matched Layer (CPML) boundary condition. Two main frequency propagation scenarios were studied: 5 GHz (corresponding to Wi-Fi in the 802.11n standard as well as to the lowest bands of 5G) and 25 GHz (corresponding to 5G), within a <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>10</mn><mspace width="4.pt"></mspace><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mo>×</mo><mn>3</mn><mspace width="4.pt"></mspace><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> rectangular domain in air and with rain. The rainfall was simulated using a parallel Ziggurat algorithm. According to the findings, while 5 GHz waves experience scattering processes, 25 GHz waves experience substantial dispersion and attenuation throughout the domain in low- to moderate-intensity rain.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/11/19/4074Finite Differences in Time Domain (FDTD)Convolutional Perfectly Matched Layer (CPML)fifth generation (5G)Ziggurat algorithmmeteorological phenomenondispersion |
| spellingShingle | Gabriela Aurora Yáñez-Casas Carlos Couder-Castañeda Jorge Javier Hernández-Gómez Mauro Alberto Enciso-Aguilar Scattering and Attenuation in 5G Electromagnetic Propagation (5 GHz and 25 GHz) in the Presence of Rainfall: A Numerical Study Mathematics Finite Differences in Time Domain (FDTD) Convolutional Perfectly Matched Layer (CPML) fifth generation (5G) Ziggurat algorithm meteorological phenomenon dispersion |
| title | Scattering and Attenuation in 5G Electromagnetic Propagation (5 GHz and 25 GHz) in the Presence of Rainfall: A Numerical Study |
| title_full | Scattering and Attenuation in 5G Electromagnetic Propagation (5 GHz and 25 GHz) in the Presence of Rainfall: A Numerical Study |
| title_fullStr | Scattering and Attenuation in 5G Electromagnetic Propagation (5 GHz and 25 GHz) in the Presence of Rainfall: A Numerical Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Scattering and Attenuation in 5G Electromagnetic Propagation (5 GHz and 25 GHz) in the Presence of Rainfall: A Numerical Study |
| title_short | Scattering and Attenuation in 5G Electromagnetic Propagation (5 GHz and 25 GHz) in the Presence of Rainfall: A Numerical Study |
| title_sort | scattering and attenuation in 5g electromagnetic propagation 5 ghz and 25 ghz in the presence of rainfall a numerical study |
| topic | Finite Differences in Time Domain (FDTD) Convolutional Perfectly Matched Layer (CPML) fifth generation (5G) Ziggurat algorithm meteorological phenomenon dispersion |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/11/19/4074 |
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