Expertise, Automation and Trust in X-Ray Screening of Cabin Baggage
X-ray screening of passenger baggage is a key component in aviation security. The current study investigated how experts and novices performed in an X-ray baggage screening task while being assisted by an adaptable diagnostic aid. Furthermore, it examined how both groups operated and trusted this au...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2019-02-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Psychology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00256/full |
| _version_ | 1818145240927698944 |
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| author | Alain Chavaillaz Adrian Schwaninger Stefan Michel Juergen Sauer |
| author_facet | Alain Chavaillaz Adrian Schwaninger Stefan Michel Juergen Sauer |
| author_sort | Alain Chavaillaz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | X-ray screening of passenger baggage is a key component in aviation security. The current study investigated how experts and novices performed in an X-ray baggage screening task while being assisted by an adaptable diagnostic aid. Furthermore, it examined how both groups operated and trusted this automated system. 30 experts (certified screeners) and 31 novices (students) had to indicate whether a target item (either a knife or a gun) was present in a series of X-ray images of cabin baggage. Half of the participants could choose between three different support levels of the diagnostic aid (DA): (1) no support, (2) a cue indicating the presence of a potential target without locating it, or (3) a cue indicating the presence of a potential target by surrounding it with a red frame. As expected, experts achieved higher detection performance (d’), were more self-confident and felt more competent in achieving the task than novices. Furthermore, experts experienced less time pressure and fatigue. Although both groups used the DA in a comparable way (in terms of support level used and frequency of level switches), results showed a performance increase for novices working with the DA compared to novices without support. This benefit of DA was not observed for experts. Interestingly, despite no difference in perceived trust ratings, experts were more compliant (i.e., following DA recommendations when it indicated the presence of a target) and reliant (i.e., following DA recommendations when it indicated the absence of a target) than novices. Altogether, the results of the present study suggested that novices benefited more from a DA than experts. Furthermore, compliance and reliance on DA seemed to depend on expertise with the task. Since experts should be better at assessing the reliability of the DA than novices, they may have used the DA as ‘back-up’ to confirm their decisions based on expertise (confirmatory function), while novices may have used it as a guide to base their decisions on (support function). Finally, trust towards a DA was associated with the degree to which participants found the DA useful. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T12:00:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-e9fd534a0870428ba59de5a5a47f7f28 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-1078 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T12:00:19Z |
| publishDate | 2019-02-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Psychology |
| spelling | doaj.art-e9fd534a0870428ba59de5a5a47f7f282022-12-22T01:08:05ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychology1664-10782019-02-011010.3389/fpsyg.2019.00256418089Expertise, Automation and Trust in X-Ray Screening of Cabin BaggageAlain Chavaillaz0Adrian Schwaninger1Stefan Michel2Juergen Sauer3Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, SwitzerlandSchool of Applied Psychology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Olten, SwitzerlandSchool of Applied Psychology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Olten, SwitzerlandDepartment of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, SwitzerlandX-ray screening of passenger baggage is a key component in aviation security. The current study investigated how experts and novices performed in an X-ray baggage screening task while being assisted by an adaptable diagnostic aid. Furthermore, it examined how both groups operated and trusted this automated system. 30 experts (certified screeners) and 31 novices (students) had to indicate whether a target item (either a knife or a gun) was present in a series of X-ray images of cabin baggage. Half of the participants could choose between three different support levels of the diagnostic aid (DA): (1) no support, (2) a cue indicating the presence of a potential target without locating it, or (3) a cue indicating the presence of a potential target by surrounding it with a red frame. As expected, experts achieved higher detection performance (d’), were more self-confident and felt more competent in achieving the task than novices. Furthermore, experts experienced less time pressure and fatigue. Although both groups used the DA in a comparable way (in terms of support level used and frequency of level switches), results showed a performance increase for novices working with the DA compared to novices without support. This benefit of DA was not observed for experts. Interestingly, despite no difference in perceived trust ratings, experts were more compliant (i.e., following DA recommendations when it indicated the presence of a target) and reliant (i.e., following DA recommendations when it indicated the absence of a target) than novices. Altogether, the results of the present study suggested that novices benefited more from a DA than experts. Furthermore, compliance and reliance on DA seemed to depend on expertise with the task. Since experts should be better at assessing the reliability of the DA than novices, they may have used the DA as ‘back-up’ to confirm their decisions based on expertise (confirmatory function), while novices may have used it as a guide to base their decisions on (support function). Finally, trust towards a DA was associated with the degree to which participants found the DA useful.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00256/fullairport securityexpertisetrustautomationdetection performance |
| spellingShingle | Alain Chavaillaz Adrian Schwaninger Stefan Michel Juergen Sauer Expertise, Automation and Trust in X-Ray Screening of Cabin Baggage Frontiers in Psychology airport security expertise trust automation detection performance |
| title | Expertise, Automation and Trust in X-Ray Screening of Cabin Baggage |
| title_full | Expertise, Automation and Trust in X-Ray Screening of Cabin Baggage |
| title_fullStr | Expertise, Automation and Trust in X-Ray Screening of Cabin Baggage |
| title_full_unstemmed | Expertise, Automation and Trust in X-Ray Screening of Cabin Baggage |
| title_short | Expertise, Automation and Trust in X-Ray Screening of Cabin Baggage |
| title_sort | expertise automation and trust in x ray screening of cabin baggage |
| topic | airport security expertise trust automation detection performance |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00256/full |
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