Improving Cardiovascular Risk in Postmenopausal Women with an (−)-Epicatechin-Based Nutraceutical: A Randomly Assigned, Double-Blind vs. Placebo, Proof-of-Concept Trial
Background: Age-adjusted rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are higher in men than in women. CVD risk-factor outcomes are underrecognized, underestimated, and undertreated in women because the clinical expressions in women differ from those of men. There are no universally accepted recommendation...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/1/195 |
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| author | Nayelli Nájera Miguel Ortíz-Flores Javier Pérez-Durán Enrique Reyes-Muñoz José Romo-Yañez Guillermo Ortiz-Luna Francisco Villarreal Eduardo Meaney Guillermo Ceballos Araceli Montoya-Estrada |
| author_facet | Nayelli Nájera Miguel Ortíz-Flores Javier Pérez-Durán Enrique Reyes-Muñoz José Romo-Yañez Guillermo Ortiz-Luna Francisco Villarreal Eduardo Meaney Guillermo Ceballos Araceli Montoya-Estrada |
| author_sort | Nayelli Nájera |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Age-adjusted rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are higher in men than in women. CVD risk-factor outcomes are underrecognized, underestimated, and undertreated in women because the clinical expressions in women differ from those of men. There are no universally accepted recommendations on what to do in women when the values of fasting glucose, blood pressure, and lipids are only slightly altered or at borderline values. We reported the positive effects on CVD risk markers using cacao by-products, showing that alternative approaches can be used to prevent cardiovascular disease in women. The objective was to evaluate the changes in lipoprotein subfractions induced by three months of treatment with an epicatechin-enriched cacao supplement. Methods: A double-blind, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept study was developed to evaluate the effects of 3 months of treatment with an (−)-epicatechin-enriched cacao supplement on lipoprotein subfractions. Results: The usual screening workshop for postmenopausal women could be insufficient and misleading. Assessing the effect of a (−)-epicatechin-enriched cacao supplement employing a lipoprotein subfractionation profile analysis suggests a decrease in cardiovascular risk. Conclusions: A simple, low-cost, safe (−)-epicatechin-enriched cacao supplement product can improve the cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T15:03:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ea2e72d693b74d0880ac41d72b581a38 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0383 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T15:03:51Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-ea2e72d693b74d0880ac41d72b581a382024-01-10T15:01:32ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832023-12-0113119510.3390/jcm13010195Improving Cardiovascular Risk in Postmenopausal Women with an (−)-Epicatechin-Based Nutraceutical: A Randomly Assigned, Double-Blind vs. Placebo, Proof-of-Concept TrialNayelli Nájera0Miguel Ortíz-Flores1Javier Pérez-Durán2Enrique Reyes-Muñoz3José Romo-Yañez4Guillermo Ortiz-Luna5Francisco Villarreal6Eduardo Meaney7Guillermo Ceballos8Araceli Montoya-Estrada9Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, MexicoSección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, MexicoSección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, MexicoCoordination of Gynecological and Perinatal Endocrinology, National Institute of Perinatology, Ministry of Health, Mexico City 11000, MexicoCoordination of Gynecological and Perinatal Endocrinology, National Institute of Perinatology, Ministry of Health, Mexico City 11000, MexicoPeri and Postmenopause Clinic, National Institute of Perinatology, Ministry of Health, Mexico City 11000, MexicoSchool of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USASección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, MexicoSección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, MexicoCoordination of Gynecological and Perinatal Endocrinology, National Institute of Perinatology, Ministry of Health, Mexico City 11000, MexicoBackground: Age-adjusted rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are higher in men than in women. CVD risk-factor outcomes are underrecognized, underestimated, and undertreated in women because the clinical expressions in women differ from those of men. There are no universally accepted recommendations on what to do in women when the values of fasting glucose, blood pressure, and lipids are only slightly altered or at borderline values. We reported the positive effects on CVD risk markers using cacao by-products, showing that alternative approaches can be used to prevent cardiovascular disease in women. The objective was to evaluate the changes in lipoprotein subfractions induced by three months of treatment with an epicatechin-enriched cacao supplement. Methods: A double-blind, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept study was developed to evaluate the effects of 3 months of treatment with an (−)-epicatechin-enriched cacao supplement on lipoprotein subfractions. Results: The usual screening workshop for postmenopausal women could be insufficient and misleading. Assessing the effect of a (−)-epicatechin-enriched cacao supplement employing a lipoprotein subfractionation profile analysis suggests a decrease in cardiovascular risk. Conclusions: A simple, low-cost, safe (−)-epicatechin-enriched cacao supplement product can improve the cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/1/195cardiovascular risklipoprotein subfractionation profileepicatechin(−)-epicatechin-enriched cacao |
| spellingShingle | Nayelli Nájera Miguel Ortíz-Flores Javier Pérez-Durán Enrique Reyes-Muñoz José Romo-Yañez Guillermo Ortiz-Luna Francisco Villarreal Eduardo Meaney Guillermo Ceballos Araceli Montoya-Estrada Improving Cardiovascular Risk in Postmenopausal Women with an (−)-Epicatechin-Based Nutraceutical: A Randomly Assigned, Double-Blind vs. Placebo, Proof-of-Concept Trial Journal of Clinical Medicine cardiovascular risk lipoprotein subfractionation profile epicatechin (−)-epicatechin-enriched cacao |
| title | Improving Cardiovascular Risk in Postmenopausal Women with an (−)-Epicatechin-Based Nutraceutical: A Randomly Assigned, Double-Blind vs. Placebo, Proof-of-Concept Trial |
| title_full | Improving Cardiovascular Risk in Postmenopausal Women with an (−)-Epicatechin-Based Nutraceutical: A Randomly Assigned, Double-Blind vs. Placebo, Proof-of-Concept Trial |
| title_fullStr | Improving Cardiovascular Risk in Postmenopausal Women with an (−)-Epicatechin-Based Nutraceutical: A Randomly Assigned, Double-Blind vs. Placebo, Proof-of-Concept Trial |
| title_full_unstemmed | Improving Cardiovascular Risk in Postmenopausal Women with an (−)-Epicatechin-Based Nutraceutical: A Randomly Assigned, Double-Blind vs. Placebo, Proof-of-Concept Trial |
| title_short | Improving Cardiovascular Risk in Postmenopausal Women with an (−)-Epicatechin-Based Nutraceutical: A Randomly Assigned, Double-Blind vs. Placebo, Proof-of-Concept Trial |
| title_sort | improving cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women with an epicatechin based nutraceutical a randomly assigned double blind vs placebo proof of concept trial |
| topic | cardiovascular risk lipoprotein subfractionation profile epicatechin (−)-epicatechin-enriched cacao |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/1/195 |
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