Sex Differences Are Here to Stay: Relevance to Prenatal Care
Sex differences exist in the incidence and presentation of many pregnancy complications, including but not limited to pregnancy loss, spontaneous preterm birth, and fetal growth restriction. Sex differences arise very early in development due to differential gene expression from the X and Y chromoso...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/13/3000 |
| _version_ | 1797527962557349888 |
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| author | Amy M. Inkster Icíar Fernández-Boyano Wendy P. Robinson |
| author_facet | Amy M. Inkster Icíar Fernández-Boyano Wendy P. Robinson |
| author_sort | Amy M. Inkster |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Sex differences exist in the incidence and presentation of many pregnancy complications, including but not limited to pregnancy loss, spontaneous preterm birth, and fetal growth restriction. Sex differences arise very early in development due to differential gene expression from the X and Y chromosomes, and later may also be influenced by the action of gonadal steroid hormones. Though offspring sex is not considered in most prenatal diagnostic or therapeutic strategies currently in use, it may be beneficial to consider sex differences and the associated mechanisms underlying pregnancy complications. This review will cover (i) the prevalence and presentation of sex differences that occur in perinatal complications, particularly with a focus on the placenta; (ii) possible mechanisms underlying the development of sex differences in placental function and pregnancy phenotypes; and (iii) knowledge gaps that should be addressed in the development of diagnostic or risk prediction tools for such complications, with an emphasis on those for which it would be important to consider sex. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:51:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ea681cab4ce34a6e9725b7d197b8e4fa |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0383 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:51:19Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-ea681cab4ce34a6e9725b7d197b8e4fa2023-11-22T02:43:25ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832021-07-011013300010.3390/jcm10133000Sex Differences Are Here to Stay: Relevance to Prenatal CareAmy M. Inkster0Icíar Fernández-Boyano1Wendy P. Robinson2BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, CanadaBC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, CanadaBC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, CanadaSex differences exist in the incidence and presentation of many pregnancy complications, including but not limited to pregnancy loss, spontaneous preterm birth, and fetal growth restriction. Sex differences arise very early in development due to differential gene expression from the X and Y chromosomes, and later may also be influenced by the action of gonadal steroid hormones. Though offspring sex is not considered in most prenatal diagnostic or therapeutic strategies currently in use, it may be beneficial to consider sex differences and the associated mechanisms underlying pregnancy complications. This review will cover (i) the prevalence and presentation of sex differences that occur in perinatal complications, particularly with a focus on the placenta; (ii) possible mechanisms underlying the development of sex differences in placental function and pregnancy phenotypes; and (iii) knowledge gaps that should be addressed in the development of diagnostic or risk prediction tools for such complications, with an emphasis on those for which it would be important to consider sex.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/13/3000sex as a biological variablesex differencespregnancy complicationsplacentaprenatal diagnosispreeclampsia |
| spellingShingle | Amy M. Inkster Icíar Fernández-Boyano Wendy P. Robinson Sex Differences Are Here to Stay: Relevance to Prenatal Care Journal of Clinical Medicine sex as a biological variable sex differences pregnancy complications placenta prenatal diagnosis preeclampsia |
| title | Sex Differences Are Here to Stay: Relevance to Prenatal Care |
| title_full | Sex Differences Are Here to Stay: Relevance to Prenatal Care |
| title_fullStr | Sex Differences Are Here to Stay: Relevance to Prenatal Care |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sex Differences Are Here to Stay: Relevance to Prenatal Care |
| title_short | Sex Differences Are Here to Stay: Relevance to Prenatal Care |
| title_sort | sex differences are here to stay relevance to prenatal care |
| topic | sex as a biological variable sex differences pregnancy complications placenta prenatal diagnosis preeclampsia |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/13/3000 |
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