Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities of a 70% ethanol-Symphyocladia linearis extract
Research on the potential biological activity of red alga Symphyocladia spp. has been limited to Symphyocladia latiuscula, which is widely used as a food ingredient in Korea. Here, we examined the biological activity of another species, Symphyocladia linearis, which is found in Korea and was reporte...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences |
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| Online Access: | http://www.e-fas.org/archive/view_article?doi=10.47853/FAS.2022.e52 |
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| author | Jeong Min Lee Mi-Jin Yim Hyun-Soo Kim Seok-Chun Ko Ji-Yul Kim Gun-Woo Oh Kyunghwa Baek Dae-Sung Lee |
| author_facet | Jeong Min Lee Mi-Jin Yim Hyun-Soo Kim Seok-Chun Ko Ji-Yul Kim Gun-Woo Oh Kyunghwa Baek Dae-Sung Lee |
| author_sort | Jeong Min Lee |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Research on the potential biological activity of red alga Symphyocladia spp. has been limited to Symphyocladia latiuscula, which is widely used as a food ingredient in Korea. Here, we examined the biological activity of another species, Symphyocladia linearis, which is found in Korea and was reported as a new species in 2013. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties of a 70% ethanol extract of S. linearis. Antioxidant activity, which was evaluated using radical scavenging assays, revealed half maximal inhibitory concentration values for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) of 34.57 and 11.70 μg/mL algal extract, respectively. Anti-inflammatory activity of the S. linearis ethanolic extract was evaluated using RAW 264.7 cells by measuring the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. The potential cytotoxicity of NO and PGE2 was first examined, confirming no toxicity at concentrations ranging from 10-100 μg/mL. NO production was inhibited 61.1% and 78.0% at 50 and 100 μg/mL S. linearis extract, respectively; and PGE2 production was inhibited 69.1%, 83.2%, and 94.8% at 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL S. linearis extract, respectively. Thus, the S. linearis extract showed very strong efficacy against PGE2 production. The cellular production of reactive oxygen species, measured using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate fluorescence, was inhibited 48.8% by the addition of 100 μg/mL S. linearis extract. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). S. linearis was effective only against gram-positive bacteria, exhibiting antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with a MIC of 256 μg/mL extract and against Bacillus cereus with a MIC of 1,024 μg/mL extract. Based on these results, we infer that a 70% ethanolic extract of S. linearis possesses strong anti-inflammatory properties, and therefore has the potential to be used in the prevention and treatment of inflammatory and immune diseases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T05:17:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ea79511d0c784f4d8c9414e7b7ca8d2c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2234-1757 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T05:17:01Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science |
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| series | Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-ea79511d0c784f4d8c9414e7b7ca8d2c2022-12-22T03:00:52ZengThe Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic ScienceFisheries and Aquatic Sciences2234-17572022-11-01251157958610.47853/FAS.2022.e52Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities of a 70% ethanol-Symphyocladia linearis extractJeong Min Lee0Mi-Jin Yim1Hyun-Soo Kim2Seok-Chun Ko3Ji-Yul Kim4Gun-Woo Oh5Kyunghwa Baek6Dae-Sung Lee7National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, KoreaNational Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, KoreaNational Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, KoreaNational Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, KoreaNational Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, KoreaNational Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, KoreaNational Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, KoreaNational Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, KoreaResearch on the potential biological activity of red alga Symphyocladia spp. has been limited to Symphyocladia latiuscula, which is widely used as a food ingredient in Korea. Here, we examined the biological activity of another species, Symphyocladia linearis, which is found in Korea and was reported as a new species in 2013. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties of a 70% ethanol extract of S. linearis. Antioxidant activity, which was evaluated using radical scavenging assays, revealed half maximal inhibitory concentration values for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) of 34.57 and 11.70 μg/mL algal extract, respectively. Anti-inflammatory activity of the S. linearis ethanolic extract was evaluated using RAW 264.7 cells by measuring the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. The potential cytotoxicity of NO and PGE2 was first examined, confirming no toxicity at concentrations ranging from 10-100 μg/mL. NO production was inhibited 61.1% and 78.0% at 50 and 100 μg/mL S. linearis extract, respectively; and PGE2 production was inhibited 69.1%, 83.2%, and 94.8% at 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL S. linearis extract, respectively. Thus, the S. linearis extract showed very strong efficacy against PGE2 production. The cellular production of reactive oxygen species, measured using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate fluorescence, was inhibited 48.8% by the addition of 100 μg/mL S. linearis extract. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). S. linearis was effective only against gram-positive bacteria, exhibiting antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with a MIC of 256 μg/mL extract and against Bacillus cereus with a MIC of 1,024 μg/mL extract. Based on these results, we infer that a 70% ethanolic extract of S. linearis possesses strong anti-inflammatory properties, and therefore has the potential to be used in the prevention and treatment of inflammatory and immune diseases. http://www.e-fas.org/archive/view_article?doi=10.47853/FAS.2022.e52Anti-inflammatoryAntioxidantAntibacterialSymphyocladia linearis |
| spellingShingle | Jeong Min Lee Mi-Jin Yim Hyun-Soo Kim Seok-Chun Ko Ji-Yul Kim Gun-Woo Oh Kyunghwa Baek Dae-Sung Lee Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities of a 70% ethanol-Symphyocladia linearis extract Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Anti-inflammatory Antioxidant Antibacterial Symphyocladia linearis |
| title | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities of a 70% ethanol-Symphyocladia linearis extract |
| title_full | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities of a 70% ethanol-Symphyocladia linearis extract |
| title_fullStr | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities of a 70% ethanol-Symphyocladia linearis extract |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities of a 70% ethanol-Symphyocladia linearis extract |
| title_short | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities of a 70% ethanol-Symphyocladia linearis extract |
| title_sort | antioxidant anti inflammatory and antibacterial activities of a 70 ethanol symphyocladia linearis extract |
| topic | Anti-inflammatory Antioxidant Antibacterial Symphyocladia linearis |
| url | http://www.e-fas.org/archive/view_article?doi=10.47853/FAS.2022.e52 |
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