Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> Strains Producing or Not Aflatoxin B1
<i>Aspergillus flavus</i> is a phytopathogenic fungus able to produce aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a carcinogenic mycotoxin that can contaminate several crops and food commodities. In <i>A. flavus</i>, two different kinds of strains can co-exist: toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains....
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/10/705 |
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| author | Laurie Josselin Caroline De Clerck Marthe De Boevre Antonio Moretti M. Haïssam Jijakli Hélène Soyeurt Marie-Laure Fauconnier |
| author_facet | Laurie Josselin Caroline De Clerck Marthe De Boevre Antonio Moretti M. Haïssam Jijakli Hélène Soyeurt Marie-Laure Fauconnier |
| author_sort | Laurie Josselin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> is a phytopathogenic fungus able to produce aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a carcinogenic mycotoxin that can contaminate several crops and food commodities. In <i>A. flavus</i>, two different kinds of strains can co-exist: toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains. Microbial-derived volatile organic compounds (mVOCs) emitted by toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of <i>A. flavus</i> were analyzed by solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in a time-lapse experiment after inoculation. Among the 84 mVOCs emitted, 44 were previously listed in the scientific literature as specific to <i>A. flavus</i>, namely alcohols (2-methylbutan-1-ol, 3-methylbutan-1-ol, 2-methylpropan-1-ol), aldehydes (2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal), hydrocarbons (toluene, styrene), furans (2,5-dimethylfuran), esters (ethyl 2-methylpropanoate, ethyl 2-methylbutyrate), and terpenes (epizonaren, trans-caryophyllene, valencene, α-copaene, β-himachalene, γ-cadinene, γ-muurolene, δ-cadinene). For the first time, other identified volatile compounds such as α-cadinol, cis-muurola-3,5-diene, α-isocomene, and β-selinene were identified as new mVOCs specific to the toxigenic <i>A. flavus</i> strain. Partial Least Square Analysis (PLSDA) showed a distinct pattern between mVOCs emitted by toxigenic and non-toxigenic <i>A. flavus</i> strains, mostly linked to the diversity of terpenes emitted by the toxigenic strains. In addition, the comparison between mVOCs of the toxigenic strain and its non-AFB1-producing mutant, coupled with a semi-quantification of the mVOCs, revealed a relationship between emitted terpenes (β-chamigrene, α-corocalene) and AFB1 production. This study provides evidence for the first time of mVOCs being linked to the toxigenic character of <i>A. flavus</i> strains, as well as terpenes being able to be correlated to the production of AFB1 due to the study of the mutant. This study could lead to the development of new techniques for the early detection and identification of toxigenic fungi. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:10:55Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:10:55Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-eaa9256c92d64c338f8f410df3f7ee1b2023-11-22T20:13:12ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512021-10-01131070510.3390/toxins13100705Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> Strains Producing or Not Aflatoxin B1Laurie Josselin0Caroline De Clerck1Marthe De Boevre2Antonio Moretti3M. Haïssam Jijakli4Hélène Soyeurt5Marie-Laure Fauconnier6Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liege University, Passage des déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, BelgiumAgricultureIsLife, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liege University, Passage des déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, BelgiumCentre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Gent, BelgiumInstitute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, ItalyIntegrated and Urban Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liege University, Passage des déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, BelgiumStatistic, Informatic and Applied Modelling, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liege University, Passage des déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, BelgiumLaboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liege University, Passage des déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium<i>Aspergillus flavus</i> is a phytopathogenic fungus able to produce aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a carcinogenic mycotoxin that can contaminate several crops and food commodities. In <i>A. flavus</i>, two different kinds of strains can co-exist: toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains. Microbial-derived volatile organic compounds (mVOCs) emitted by toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of <i>A. flavus</i> were analyzed by solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in a time-lapse experiment after inoculation. Among the 84 mVOCs emitted, 44 were previously listed in the scientific literature as specific to <i>A. flavus</i>, namely alcohols (2-methylbutan-1-ol, 3-methylbutan-1-ol, 2-methylpropan-1-ol), aldehydes (2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal), hydrocarbons (toluene, styrene), furans (2,5-dimethylfuran), esters (ethyl 2-methylpropanoate, ethyl 2-methylbutyrate), and terpenes (epizonaren, trans-caryophyllene, valencene, α-copaene, β-himachalene, γ-cadinene, γ-muurolene, δ-cadinene). For the first time, other identified volatile compounds such as α-cadinol, cis-muurola-3,5-diene, α-isocomene, and β-selinene were identified as new mVOCs specific to the toxigenic <i>A. flavus</i> strain. Partial Least Square Analysis (PLSDA) showed a distinct pattern between mVOCs emitted by toxigenic and non-toxigenic <i>A. flavus</i> strains, mostly linked to the diversity of terpenes emitted by the toxigenic strains. In addition, the comparison between mVOCs of the toxigenic strain and its non-AFB1-producing mutant, coupled with a semi-quantification of the mVOCs, revealed a relationship between emitted terpenes (β-chamigrene, α-corocalene) and AFB1 production. This study provides evidence for the first time of mVOCs being linked to the toxigenic character of <i>A. flavus</i> strains, as well as terpenes being able to be correlated to the production of AFB1 due to the study of the mutant. This study could lead to the development of new techniques for the early detection and identification of toxigenic fungi.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/10/705aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)<i>Aspergillus flavus</i>microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs)solid phase microextraction (SPME)toxigenicterpenes |
| spellingShingle | Laurie Josselin Caroline De Clerck Marthe De Boevre Antonio Moretti M. Haïssam Jijakli Hélène Soyeurt Marie-Laure Fauconnier Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> Strains Producing or Not Aflatoxin B1 Toxins aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs) solid phase microextraction (SPME) toxigenic terpenes |
| title | Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> Strains Producing or Not Aflatoxin B1 |
| title_full | Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> Strains Producing or Not Aflatoxin B1 |
| title_fullStr | Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> Strains Producing or Not Aflatoxin B1 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> Strains Producing or Not Aflatoxin B1 |
| title_short | Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> Strains Producing or Not Aflatoxin B1 |
| title_sort | volatile organic compounds emitted by i aspergillus flavus i strains producing or not aflatoxin b1 |
| topic | aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs) solid phase microextraction (SPME) toxigenic terpenes |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/10/705 |
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