Diversity and Toxigenicity of Mycobiota in Grain Corn: A Case Study at Pioneer Grain Corn Plantations in Terengganu, Malaysia
Malaysia has begun to locally mass-cultivate grain corn to reduce import dependency for animal feed industries. Since the Malaysian tropical climate constantly exposes grain corn to fungal colonization and mycotoxin production by mycotoxigenic species, it is, therefore, important to investigate the...
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MDPI AG
2021-03-01
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| Series: | Agriculture |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/11/3/237 |
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| author | Siti Nur Ezzati Yazid Wan Jing Ng Jinap Selamat Siti Izera Ismail Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin |
| author_facet | Siti Nur Ezzati Yazid Wan Jing Ng Jinap Selamat Siti Izera Ismail Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin |
| author_sort | Siti Nur Ezzati Yazid |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Malaysia has begun to locally mass-cultivate grain corn to reduce import dependency for animal feed industries. Since the Malaysian tropical climate constantly exposes grain corn to fungal colonization and mycotoxin production by mycotoxigenic species, it is, therefore, important to investigate the presence of fungal species, especially the mycotoxigenic strains in the Malaysian grain corn agroecosystem. In the present work, corn kernel, tassel, plant debris, and soil were collected from two pioneer grain corn farms (Kampong Dadong, KD; Rhu Tapai, RT), and morphological and molecular identifications were conducted. A total of 131 fungal isolates from 30 fungal species were recovered. Both KD and RT yielded log 4.7–6.7 CFU/g total fungal loads. <i>Fusarium verticillioides</i> was predominant in both farms, followed by the phytopathogenic <i>Lasiodiplodia theobromae</i> and the mycotoxigenic <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>, <i>A. niger</i>, <i>F. incarnatum</i>, and <i>F. proliferatum</i>. Mycotoxin analyses by high-performance liquid chromatography revealed that among 30 mycotoxigenic isolates tested for aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, HT-2, T-2, ochratoxins A, and zearalenone, approximately 25 of the isolates could produce at least one mycotoxin in vitro. The present work serves as a baseline for more comprehensive research to better predict and control fungal contamination and the subsequent mycotoxin accumulation in Malaysian grain corn agroecosystems. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:20:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-eaab654ece084ec29d47c45d8477c221 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0472 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:20:48Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agriculture |
| spelling | doaj.art-eaab654ece084ec29d47c45d8477c2212023-11-21T10:06:19ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722021-03-0111323710.3390/agriculture11030237Diversity and Toxigenicity of Mycobiota in Grain Corn: A Case Study at Pioneer Grain Corn Plantations in Terengganu, MalaysiaSiti Nur Ezzati Yazid0Wan Jing Ng1Jinap Selamat2Siti Izera Ismail3Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin4Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaLaboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaLaboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaMalaysia has begun to locally mass-cultivate grain corn to reduce import dependency for animal feed industries. Since the Malaysian tropical climate constantly exposes grain corn to fungal colonization and mycotoxin production by mycotoxigenic species, it is, therefore, important to investigate the presence of fungal species, especially the mycotoxigenic strains in the Malaysian grain corn agroecosystem. In the present work, corn kernel, tassel, plant debris, and soil were collected from two pioneer grain corn farms (Kampong Dadong, KD; Rhu Tapai, RT), and morphological and molecular identifications were conducted. A total of 131 fungal isolates from 30 fungal species were recovered. Both KD and RT yielded log 4.7–6.7 CFU/g total fungal loads. <i>Fusarium verticillioides</i> was predominant in both farms, followed by the phytopathogenic <i>Lasiodiplodia theobromae</i> and the mycotoxigenic <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>, <i>A. niger</i>, <i>F. incarnatum</i>, and <i>F. proliferatum</i>. Mycotoxin analyses by high-performance liquid chromatography revealed that among 30 mycotoxigenic isolates tested for aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, HT-2, T-2, ochratoxins A, and zearalenone, approximately 25 of the isolates could produce at least one mycotoxin in vitro. The present work serves as a baseline for more comprehensive research to better predict and control fungal contamination and the subsequent mycotoxin accumulation in Malaysian grain corn agroecosystems.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/11/3/237grain cornaflatoxinsfumonisinstrichothecenesochratoxin Azearalenone |
| spellingShingle | Siti Nur Ezzati Yazid Wan Jing Ng Jinap Selamat Siti Izera Ismail Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin Diversity and Toxigenicity of Mycobiota in Grain Corn: A Case Study at Pioneer Grain Corn Plantations in Terengganu, Malaysia Agriculture grain corn aflatoxins fumonisins trichothecenes ochratoxin A zearalenone |
| title | Diversity and Toxigenicity of Mycobiota in Grain Corn: A Case Study at Pioneer Grain Corn Plantations in Terengganu, Malaysia |
| title_full | Diversity and Toxigenicity of Mycobiota in Grain Corn: A Case Study at Pioneer Grain Corn Plantations in Terengganu, Malaysia |
| title_fullStr | Diversity and Toxigenicity of Mycobiota in Grain Corn: A Case Study at Pioneer Grain Corn Plantations in Terengganu, Malaysia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Diversity and Toxigenicity of Mycobiota in Grain Corn: A Case Study at Pioneer Grain Corn Plantations in Terengganu, Malaysia |
| title_short | Diversity and Toxigenicity of Mycobiota in Grain Corn: A Case Study at Pioneer Grain Corn Plantations in Terengganu, Malaysia |
| title_sort | diversity and toxigenicity of mycobiota in grain corn a case study at pioneer grain corn plantations in terengganu malaysia |
| topic | grain corn aflatoxins fumonisins trichothecenes ochratoxin A zearalenone |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/11/3/237 |
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