Evaluation of the Reproductive Toxicity of Fluopimomide in <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> and <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>
Fluopimomide is a new pesticide that is widely applied in agriculture; however, the effects and molecular mechanisms of fluopimomide in inhibiting nematode reproduction remain unknown. In this study, the effects of fluopimomide on the development and infection of <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/10/2471 |
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| author | Bingjie Liu Huimin Liu Siqi Zhang Xiaoxue Ji Shouan Zhang Zhongtang Wang Kang Qiao |
| author_facet | Bingjie Liu Huimin Liu Siqi Zhang Xiaoxue Ji Shouan Zhang Zhongtang Wang Kang Qiao |
| author_sort | Bingjie Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Fluopimomide is a new pesticide that is widely applied in agriculture; however, the effects and molecular mechanisms of fluopimomide in inhibiting nematode reproduction remain unknown. In this study, the effects of fluopimomide on the development and infection of <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> and the reproductive toxicity in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> were evaluated. Results showed that, in comparison to inoculated control, fluopimomide at 0.33, 0.67, and 1.0 mg/kg soil significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) delayed <i>M. incognita</i> development and decreased the reproduction in pot experiments. Fluopimomide notably reduced the galls index with a control effect of 78.6%, 67.9%, and 50.0%, respectively. In addition, a dose–response relationship existed between the brood size and germ cell number of <i>C. elegans</i> and fluopimomide concentrations. Compared with the control group, fluopimomide at 1.0 and 5.0 mg/L notably (<i>p</i> < 0.001) increased the number of cell corpses per gonad in the N2 strain of <i>C. elegans</i> by 8.8- and 14.4-fold, respectively. The number of cell corpses per gonad was similar between the fluopimomide treated worms and the control group in mutants of <i>ced-3</i>, <i>ced-4</i>, and <i>ced-9</i>. Further evidence revealed fluopimomide significantly enhanced the expression of <i>cep-1</i>, <i>egl-1</i>, and <i>clk-2</i>, while no obvious effects were observed in their mutants. Taken together, these results indicated that fluopimomide inflicted DNA damage and induced the core apoptosis pathway caused by germ-cell apoptosis, leading to the reduction of the brood size of <i>C. elegans</i>. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:31:49Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:31:49Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-eac4894051d043119d3b9c13923894072023-11-19T15:20:38ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952023-09-011310247110.3390/agronomy13102471Evaluation of the Reproductive Toxicity of Fluopimomide in <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> and <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>Bingjie Liu0Huimin Liu1Siqi Zhang2Xiaoxue Ji3Shouan Zhang4Zhongtang Wang5Kang Qiao6Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, ChinaKey Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, ChinaCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, ChinaKey Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, ChinaTropical Research and Education Center, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), Homestead, FL 33031, USAShandong Institute of Pomology, Tai’an 271000, ChinaKey Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, ChinaFluopimomide is a new pesticide that is widely applied in agriculture; however, the effects and molecular mechanisms of fluopimomide in inhibiting nematode reproduction remain unknown. In this study, the effects of fluopimomide on the development and infection of <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> and the reproductive toxicity in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> were evaluated. Results showed that, in comparison to inoculated control, fluopimomide at 0.33, 0.67, and 1.0 mg/kg soil significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) delayed <i>M. incognita</i> development and decreased the reproduction in pot experiments. Fluopimomide notably reduced the galls index with a control effect of 78.6%, 67.9%, and 50.0%, respectively. In addition, a dose–response relationship existed between the brood size and germ cell number of <i>C. elegans</i> and fluopimomide concentrations. Compared with the control group, fluopimomide at 1.0 and 5.0 mg/L notably (<i>p</i> < 0.001) increased the number of cell corpses per gonad in the N2 strain of <i>C. elegans</i> by 8.8- and 14.4-fold, respectively. The number of cell corpses per gonad was similar between the fluopimomide treated worms and the control group in mutants of <i>ced-3</i>, <i>ced-4</i>, and <i>ced-9</i>. Further evidence revealed fluopimomide significantly enhanced the expression of <i>cep-1</i>, <i>egl-1</i>, and <i>clk-2</i>, while no obvious effects were observed in their mutants. Taken together, these results indicated that fluopimomide inflicted DNA damage and induced the core apoptosis pathway caused by germ-cell apoptosis, leading to the reduction of the brood size of <i>C. elegans</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/10/2471fluopimomide<i>Meloidogyne incognita</i><i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>DNA damagecell apoptosisreproductive toxicity |
| spellingShingle | Bingjie Liu Huimin Liu Siqi Zhang Xiaoxue Ji Shouan Zhang Zhongtang Wang Kang Qiao Evaluation of the Reproductive Toxicity of Fluopimomide in <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> and <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> Agronomy fluopimomide <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> DNA damage cell apoptosis reproductive toxicity |
| title | Evaluation of the Reproductive Toxicity of Fluopimomide in <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> and <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> |
| title_full | Evaluation of the Reproductive Toxicity of Fluopimomide in <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> and <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of the Reproductive Toxicity of Fluopimomide in <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> and <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of the Reproductive Toxicity of Fluopimomide in <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> and <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> |
| title_short | Evaluation of the Reproductive Toxicity of Fluopimomide in <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> and <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> |
| title_sort | evaluation of the reproductive toxicity of fluopimomide in i meloidogyne incognita i and i caenorhabditis elegans i |
| topic | fluopimomide <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> DNA damage cell apoptosis reproductive toxicity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/10/2471 |
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